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International  Exhibition,  \’iex\a,  1873. 


Ceramic  %xi: 

A REPORT  ON 


POTTERY,  PORCELAIN,  TILES,  TERRA- 
COTTA AND  BRICK, 

WITH  A TABLE  OF  MARKS  AND  MONOGRAMS,  A NOTICE  OF  THE 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  MATERIALS  FOR  POTTERY, 

CHRONICLE  OF  EVENTS,  ETC.,  ETC. 


By  william  P.  BLAKE, 

United  States  Centennial  Comvtissioner,  and  Delegate  to  the  Internaiianal  yury. 
Group  /.,  Vieutia. 


[JFrom  tijc  Uolume  of  I^cports  of  tijc  fHnssarijusctts  Comuission  to  Lirnna.] 


NEW  YORK: 

D.  VAN  NOSTRAND,  PUBLISHER, 
23  Murray  St.  and  27  Wakrkn  St. 

'S75 


CONTENTS 


Page 

I.  Gen'ehal  Survey. 

Progress  and  Capacity  of  the  Potter’s  Art,  .....  8 

Necessity  for  Instruction  in  Art,  .......  9 

Museums  of  Ceramic  Products,  .......  12 

Commercial  Value  of  Artistic  Skill,  ......  13 

Influence  of  Japanese  Art,  .......  14 

Pottery  in  the  United  States,  . . . . . . . 15 

Classification  of  Pottery,  ........  23 

II.  Porcelain  and  Faience. 

FiXhibition  from  Great  Britain,  . . . . . . . ’ 25 

Pate  Changeante,  .........  27 

Henri-Deux  Ware  28 

French  Exhibitors, .........  36 

Interior  Decoration  in  Enamel,  .......  37 

Slabs  for  Insertion  in  Furniture,  .......  40 

Sevres  Porcelain,  .........  41 

Sevres  as  a School  of  Art, ........  42 

Hard  and  Soft  Porcelain,  ........  43 

Pate-sur-pate,  .........  44 

Casting  or  Pouring  Porcelain  Body,  ......  45 

Stone  China,  .........  47 

Prussia,  ..........  49 

Russia,  ..........  54 

Austria  and  other  Countries,  .......  55 

Majolica,  ..........  61 

Capo-di-Monti  Ware,  ........  62 

Incised  or  Sgrafflato  Ware,  . . . . . • . . 6.3 

Miaco  Faience,  .........  66 

Cloissonee  Enamels,  ........  67 

III.  Floor,  Wall,  and  Ornamental  Tit.kk. 

Manufacture  of  Tiles  in  Great  Britain,  ......  69 

Varieties  of  Tiles,  . . . ...  . . . . 73 

Encaustic  and  Enamelled  Tiles  in  Decoration,  . • . . . . 7<> 

Memorial  and  Mortuary  Tablets,  .......  77 

Building  Tal>lets,  .........  78 

Dutch  Tiles,  ..........  8.3 

Fretich  Tiles  atid  Plaques,  . .......  81 

Indian  Tiles,  .........  86 

Spanish  Tiles,  .........  87 

Laying  and  Seffitig  Tiles,  ........  87 

Mosaic  Pavements  and  Pictures,  .......  89 

Roofing  Tiles,  .........  91 

Stove  Tiles,  ..........  t>2 


4 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

IV.  Terra-Cotta. — Brick. 

Brick  ludustiy, — United  States,  .......  95 

Terra-cotta  at  Vienna,  ........  97 

Vienna  Brick,  .........  103 

Ditlimer’s  Brick  and  Cia)’  Company,  ......  108 

Bricks  of  Various  Forms,  . . . . . . . . 109 

Perforated  Brick,  .........  Ill 

Ptcfractory  Bricks,  Retorts,  Crucibles,  etc.,  . . . . . 115 

Hollow  Brick,  .........  119 

Sizes  of  Bricks,  .........  122 

Hoffmann's  Furnace,  ........  127 

V.  Materials  for  Pottery. 

Clays  and  their  Distribution  in  the  United  States,  . . . . 128 

Ciiina  Clay, — England,  ........  132 

Enamels  and  Colors  for  Pottery  and  Porcelain,  ....  133 

Marks  akd  Monograms,  Porcelain  and  Faience.  . . . 135 

Chronological  Table  of  the  Sevres  Productions,  ...  140 

Chronicle  of  the  Principal  Events  Directly  Connected  with  the 

Manufacture  of  Pottery,  .......  141 

Titles  of  Works  on  Pottery  and  Porcelain  Consulted  in  the 
Preparation  of  the  Report, 


144 


ERRATA. 


Owing  to  the  absence  of  the  author,  the  proofs  could  not  be  submitted  to  him,  and 
a few  errors,  chiefly  of  proper  names,  require  correction. 

Page  32  and  49.  For  jaspar  read  jasper. 

40.  For  Pallisey  read  Palissy. 

48.  For  Yillcrry  read  Villeroy. 

48.  For  Sarroguimines  read  Sarreguemines. 

53.  For  Nygcn  read  V^ygen. 

57.  For  Deak  read  Denk. 

65.  For  “ masters  ” read  “ musters.” 

84.  For  Callinot  read  Coliinot. 

85.  For  Parrillez  read  Parvillee. 

89.  16th  line  from  bottom  of  page,  for  form  read  firm. 

90.  Transpose  the  second  and  third  paragraphs. 

93.  For  Ceute  read  Cente. 

94.  For  Bezisk  read'  Bezirk. 

126.  For  Bonneaville  read  Bonneville, 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


CERAMIC  ART  AT  THE  YIENNA  EXPOSITION. 


By  WILLIAM  P.  BLAKE. 


I.  Genekal  Survey, 

The  potter’s  art,  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  the  most 
universal  of  all,  connects  itself  on  the  one  hand  with  geology 
and  chemistry,  and  on  the  other  with  painting  and  sculpture. 
It  is  the  outgrowth  of  one  of  the  primal  necessities  of  man’s 
existence, — the  preparation  and  distribution  of  food, — and 
is  thus  intimately  identified  with  domestic  and  social  life. 
Its  productions,  though  so  fragile,  are  perhaps  the  most  en- 
during of  man’s  handiwork.  The  objects  that  have  outlived 
history  are  to  lie  viewed  not  only  as  specimens  of  the  condi- 
tion of  the  art  at  the  time  of  their  production,  but  as  expo- 
nents of  the  habits,  the  domestic  life,  and  the  aesthetics  of 
races  long  since  passed  away.  There  is  no  other  material 
which  can  be  so  readily  impressed  with  the  conception  of  the 
artist  as  "clay  in  the  hands  of  the  potter.” 

Progress  and  Capacity  of  the  Art. 

Such  an  art  should  progress  measurably  in  the  same  ratio 
as  civilization.  That  it  has  so  progressed  is  evident  to  all 
who  saw  its  representation  in  the  halls  of  the  great  Exhibi- 
tion at  Vienna  in  1873.  The  most  general  and  striking  im- 
pression produced  by  a systematic  survey  of  what  was  shown 
there,  was  the  vitality  of  the  art  and  the  high  degree  of 
excellence  it  has  reached,  not  only  in  one  or  two  countries, 
but  in  many.  The  rapid  progress  in  the  manufacture  of  por- 
celain and  earthenware  in  several  countries  since  the  com- 
mencement of  the  era  of  industrial  exhibitions,  shows  the 
capacity  of  the  art  for  development  in  any  country.  Excel- 
lence is  by  no  means  confined  to  any  .section  or  to  any  special 


CERAMIC  ARTS — GENERAL  SURVEY. 


9 


source  of  materials.  Chemistry  has  so  far  unlocked  the 
secrets  of  the  manufacture  that  it  is  no  longer  confined  in 
empirical  bands  or  limited  in  its  range  or  locality.  A few 
decades  ago  the  knowledge  of  the  details  of  compounding  the 
materials  for  porcelain-ware,  or  for  the  glaze  and  decoration, 
was  centered  in  but  few  persons.  It  was  guarded  as  a 
secret ; and  the  death  of  a master  was  perhaps  the  death  of 
his  art  in  the  range  of  his  labors ; but  now  principles  survive 
individuals,  the  art  is  universal,  and  seems  established  on  an 
enduring  basis.  Chemistry  has  also  given  pottery  a new 
life,  and  has  enlarged  the  range  of  its  uses,  and  has  extended 
its  capacity  for  decorative  and  ornamental  purposes. 

The  great  capacity  of  the  potter’s  art  for  advancement  in 
many  important  directions  is  one  of  its  greatest  attractions. 
The  increasing  use  of  fictile  productions  for  ornamentation, 
not  only  in  the  interiors  of  our  houses,  but  in  the  exteriors, 
in  the  form  of  enamelled  tiles,  plaques,  medallions,  terra-cotta 
ornaments,  and  bricks  of  various  forms  and  colors,  is  highly 
gratifying,  and  marks  a new  era  in  the  modern  development 
of  ceramics.  But  the  capacity  and  known  possibilities  of  the 
art  are  far  beyond  the  artistic  sense  and  appreciation  of  the 
people. 

Necessity  for  Instruction  in  Art. 

What  is  now  needed  is  not  so  much  the  possession  of 
materials,  of  knowledge,  or  even  of  artistic  skill,  as  the 
elevation  of  the  public  taste,  so  as  to  create  an  appreciative 
and  large  demand  for  the  products  of  higher  efi’orts  and 
greater  skill.  The  manufacturers  need  encouragement  and 
appreciation.  The  industry  requires  an  artistic  sense  among 
the  consumers  of  its  products.  If  the  public  will  not  buy 
superior  goods,  the  manufacturer  cannot  make  them  without 
loss.  It  is  true  that  to  a certain  extent  manufacturers  should 
lead  public  taste ; and  no  doubt  their  duty  in  this  resi)cct  is 
not  always  appreciated  by  them,  but  it  is  well  understood  by 
some  of  the  great  establishments  abroad,  and  they  arc  reap- 
ing rich  rewards.  Wedgwood,  in  striking  out  a new  path, 
not  only  secured  immediate  support,  but  established  a impu- 
tation of  far  greater  value.  Palissy’s  art  survives  him  and  is 
the  basis  of  an  extensive  industry.  But  the  pco[)le  generally 
2 


10 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


yet  need  to  know  more  of  pottery  as  an  art  to  secure  a fliir 
appreciation  of  novelties  and  to  stimulate  progress.  A great 
()l)struction  to  progress  is  the  servile  following  of  others,  the 
constjmt  reproduction  of  old  forms  and  old  designs — imita- 
tions rather  than  novelties. 

The  high  development  and  perfection  of  the  ceramic  art  in 
Europe  is  due  in  a great  degree  to  the  establishment  of  por- 
celain works  under  government  protection  and  favor,  and  the 
rivalries  between  them.  Each  establishment  became  a school 
of  art,  producing  models  for  imitation,  launching  out  into 
unknown  tields,  experimenting  and  perfecting  without  regard 
to  the  demands  of  trade, — being  raised  above  them  and  inde- 
pendent of  them.  They  became  leaders  of  public  taste,  and 
their  influence  was  strengthened  by  the  patronage  of  royalty 
and  court  circles. 

The  Exhibition  in  1851  revealed  to  Great  Britain  its  mani- 
fest inferiority  in  artistic  manuhictures  ; and  it  did  not  take 
long  to  ascertain  that  the' cause  was  the  neglect  of  art  educa- 
tion amongst  the  people,  while  the  continental  artisans  were 
taught  with  the  greatest  care,  and  familiarized  from  their 
}'outh  with  the  choicest  productions  of  ancient  and  modern 
art.  It  was  conceded  that  the  art  schools  and  museums  of 
France  exercised  a great  influence  upon  the  manufactures  of 
the  country.  England  saw  that  to  compete  with  such  a rival 
great  efforts  must  be  made,  and  that  the  people  must  be  edu- 
cated. The  government  took  the  matter  in  hand  ; it  was 
studied  and  reported  upon  by  government  commissions, 
money  was  freely  appropriated,  museums  Avere  founded,  and 
a Department  of  Science  and  Art  established  as  a branch  of 
the  government. 

The  favorable  influence  of  these  efforts  was  apparent  in 
Baris  in  1867  ; it  Avas  still  more  evident  in  the  London  Ex- 
hibition in  1871,  and  Avas  abundantly  shown  at  Vienna. 
Great  Britain,  from  a position  of  mediocrity  in  1851,  has 
risen  to  a commanding  position  in  the  potter’s  art,  standing 
to-day  in  the  front  rank,  not  only  as  regards  excellence 
of  materials  and  manufacture,  but  in  artistic  skill. 

All  this  is  full  of  teaching  to  the  educators  of  the  United 
States.  Ceramic  industry,  as  Ave  shall  presently  see,  is 


CERAMIC  ARTS GENERAL  SURVEY.  11 

already  established  here,  but,  though  in  its  infancy,  gives 
promise  of  a great  future.  Its  growth  can  be  greatly  and 
advantageously  modified  by  a little  well-directed  effort. 
Art  education  is  not  only  required  by  potters,  but  by  all 
artisans,  and  by  the  people  generally.  It  not  only  produces 
skilled  specialists,  but  becomes  diffused  and  raises  the  stand- 
ard of  public  taste,  increasing  the  appreciation  of  the  public 
and  the  demand  for  really  meritorious  works,  thus  reacting 
beneficially  upon  the  industries. 

There  is  a great  multiplicity  of  sources  of  designs  for  orna- 
ments at  the  present  day  ; and  the  facilities  now  afforded  for 
copying  and  reproducing  the  most  precious  artistic  works  of 
the  past  should  cause  them  to  be  seen  everywhere.  Every 
town  should  have  its  art-gallery  and  its  classes  for  drawing 
and  modelling.  The  children  in  our  public  schools  should 
not  lose  such  influences  as  may  be  exerted  by  the  possession 
of  sets  of  casts  of  architectural  decorations,  of  sculpture  and 
bas-reliefs,  all  of  which  may  be  procured  for  little  above  the 
cost  of  the  materials  and  transportation.  The  general  influ- 
ence of  art  museums  abroad  is  not  to  be  lightly  estimated. 
They  are  exerting  a gentle  and  imperceptible,  but  a most 
powerful,  influence  upon  the  culture  of  the  communities  in 
which  they  are  located.  Who  can  estimate  the  influence  ex- 
erted by  the  South  Kensington  Museum  upon  its  millions  of 
visitors?  And  we  are  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  influence,  also, 
of  the  great  exhilutions  which  bring  together  in  friendly 
rivalry  the  master-efforts  of  the  most  skilful  artisans  of  the 
time,  and  afford  the  conservators  of  museums  their  richest 
harvests  of  novelties  and  gems  of  excellence  from  all  lands. 
These  are  the  most  powerful  of  all  agencies  in  the  education  of 
the  people,  and  they  afford  the  most  salutary  stimulus  to  the 
artistic  industries,  especially  when  the  producers  have  access 
to  typical  examples  of  the  best  efforts  in  their  arts  by  the 
generations  that  have  passed  away. 

The  effect  of  museums  and  systematic  art  ediieation  in 
France  is  spoken  of  by  the  reporters  on  porcelain  in  1871,  as 
follows:  "The  tradition  of  past  generations  of  art-workers 
still  lives  in  France  and  is  kept  alive,  not  only  l>y  countless 
examples  of  their  skill,  happily  preserved  in  many  noble 
museums,  but  also  by  a systeniatiz(‘d  (Mlncation  of  artists. 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


which  iilone  is  capable  of  directing  onward  in  its  proper 
course  and  maintaining  constant,  a National  School  of  Art.” 

Museums  of  Ceramic  Productions. 

What  we  specially  need,  then,  in  the  industry  to  which 
th(3se  pages  are  devoted,  is  a well-chosen  collection  of  all  the 
best  examples  of  the  potter’s  art,  in  all  ages,  and  from  every 
country.  New  York  already  has  the  nucleus  or  commence- 
numt  of  such  a collection  | in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  where  the  unrivalled  collection  of  De  Cesnola  presents  a 
great  wealth  of  examples  in  earthenware  and  terra-cotta,  of 
tlie  Phoenicians,  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans.  This  is  sup- 
})lemented  by  a Loan  Museum,  chiefly  from  the  private  col- 
lection of  Mrs.  W.  C.  Prime,  in  which  there  are  excellent 
s})ecimens  of  new  and  old  Sevres,  Dresden,  Austrian,  and 
English  porcelain,  of  delft  ware  and  Saracenic  tiles.  A 
somewhat  similar  collection  exists  in  the  Athenseum,  Boston, 
and  contains  some  excellent  examples  of  old  Sevres,  Chinese 
ware,  pdte-sur-pdte^  an  imitation  of  Henri-deux  ware,  etc., 
some  of  which  were  obtained  at  the  Yienna  Exhibition.  . 

These  museums  are  already  exerting  an  influence  upon  the 
public  in  directing  attention  to  the  preservation  of  old  and 
curious  pieces  of  porcelain  and  the  formation  of  private  col- 
lections. Although  many  such  collections  are  made  merely  for 
tlie  sake  of  getting  together  odd  and  rare  bits  of  old  china  to 
which  a fanciful  value  is  attached,  without  any  comprehension 
of  the  nature  of  the  art,  or  its  history,  the  weakness  is  by  no 
means  to  be  discouraged,  for  sooner  or  later  the  possession  of 
the  objects  leads  the  owner  to  look  beyond  them  to  their 
origin,  and  to  a comparison  of  the  products  in  all  their  quali- 
ties of  material,  form,  and  decoration, 

*Magniac  and  Soden  Smith,  On  Porcelain,  Lon.  Exhib.,  1871,  I.,  p.  258. 

t An  important  portion  of  this  collection  consists  of  over  4,000  earthenware  vases, 
discovered  in  ancient  tombs  at  Idalinm,  a Phoenician  city  which  was  conquered  by 
the  Greek  colonists  of  Cyprus  several  centuries  before  Christ.  These  vases  are  per- 
fect in  form  and  fresh  in  color,  and  are  ornamented  according  to  the  fancy  of  the 
potter,  without  any  special  regard  to  their  size  or  capacity.  The  colors  are  generally 
only  two ; a dark  brown,  almost  black,  and  a purple  red.  This  last  appears  to  have 
been  produced  by  an  oxide  of  copper,  and  the  brown  by  umber,  an  earth  which 
occurs  abundantly  in  Cyprus.  The  decorative  patterns  are  usually  coneentric  circles 
and  chequered  designs,  sometimes  intermingled  with  the  lotus. 


CERAMIC  ARTS — GENERAL  SURVEY. 


13 


Those  who  are  disposed  to  make  a study  of  this  fascinating 
subject  may  derive  great  assistance  from  a collection  of  typi- 
cal examples  of  modern  productions  that  can  readily  he  made 
by  themselves  at  no  very  great  cost.  For  such  an  under- 
taking, students  in  the  United  States  have  great  facilities,  in 
consequence  of  the  very  general  representation  of  the  chief 
manufactures  abroad  in  the  large  stocks  of  ware  kept  on  hand 
in  our  principal  cities.  There  are,  at  least,  two  establish- 
ments— that  of  Mr.  liichard  Briggs  in  Boston,  and  of  Messrs. 
Tyndale  and  Mitchell  in  Philadelphia — which  may  be  re- 
garded as  museums  of  the  art;  for  the  proprietors,  being 
enthusiasts  in  their  specialty,  take  great  pains  to  collect  and 
retain  examples  of  all  varieties  of  manufacture  and  decora- 
tion, and  even  make  visits  to  Europe  to  secure  representative 
examples  and  novelties. 

Commercial  Value  of  Artistic  Skill. 

The  United  States  are  destined  to  become  the  best  market 
in  the  world  for  artistic  productions.  This  results  from  the 
very  general  distribution  of  wealth  among  the  people  and  the 
desire  to  adorn  their  homes  with  the  same  class  of  objects 
sought  and  admired  in  communities  of  riper  civilization  and 
culture.  Money,  for  a time  at  least,  anticipates  apprecia- 
tion ; but  the  latter,  as  already  shown,  is  sure  to  follow.  • 
Economists  should  not  lose  sight  of  the  expanding  fields  of 
industrial  effort  which  are  opened  in  every  direction  by  in- 
creased appreciation  of,  and  demand  for,  artistic  productions 
amongst  the  people.  It  leads  to  a great  variety  of  manufac- 
tures and  a rapid  increase  of  wealth.  Whole  communities 
are  sustained  abroad  in  the  production  of  trivial  ornaments. 
When  we  consider,  also,  the  great  increase  in  value  with 
which  the  commonest  materials  may  be  endowed  by  a little 
artistic  skill,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  recognize  the  commercial 
value  of  such  skill  to  the  country.  The  clay  which  is  so 
abundant  under  our  feet  is  transformed  by  the  potter  into  an 
object  of  beauty.  A single  slab  of  earthenware,  which  may 
be  produced  for  a few  cents,  becomes  of  almost  priceless 
value  in  the  hands  of  the  artist.  The  enamels  of  l^irvillce 
and  the  plaques  shown  by  Deck  in  the  exhibition  are  exam- 
ples. The  prices  which  such  olqects  cummand  are  aston- 


14 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


ishing  to  those  accustomed  to  the  merely  utilitarian  view  of 
tilings.  The  British  artisan  who  reported  upon  the  pottery, 
ill  mentioning  Deck’s  beautiful  plaques,  says:  ” The  most 
attractive  were  several  large  round  plnques,  about  two  feet 
across,  painted  with  large  female  heads  and  other  decora- 
tions. I saw  one  of  them  was  bought  by  an  English  manu- 
lacturer.  The  price  paid  was  £200.  Here  is  an  example  of 
art  workmanship  I This  dish,  which  realized  such  a large 
amount,  could  be  made  and  sold  by  the  gentleman  who 
l)ought  it  for  about  tvvo  shillings  ; and  the  artist,  with  his 
labor,  has  made  it  worth  £200  I ” 

Influence  of  Japanese  Art. 

In  the  early  periods  of  the  introduction  of  oriental  porce- 
lain, and  its  attempted  reproduction  in  Europe,  Japanese  and 
Chinese  designs  in  decoration  were  closely  followed.  This  is 
true  to  a great  degree  now.  The  great  influx  of  eJapanese 
forms  in  such  quaint  and  novel  variety,  since  the  modern 
opening  of  that  country  to  trade,  has  had  a great  influence 
upon  the  styles  of  decoration  now  in  vogue.  It  is  the  new 
Held  for  the  decorative  artists  of  Europe,  and  close  attention 
and  study  have  been  given  to  the  spirit  of  Japanese  art.  We 
find  tli(3  results  in  the  porcelains  of  the  Royal  Worcester 
works,  in  the  doisonnee  enamels  of  the  English  and  French 
sections,  in  the  bronzes,  and  in  the  decorative  pottery  and 
porcelain  of  other  countries.  Meantime,  we  see  the  Japanese 
striving  to  imitate  English  and  French  forms  and  ornaments  in 
table  and  toilet  services,  instead  of  more  strongly  developing 
and  impressing  their  own  peculiar  and  admirable  styles  upon 
their  wares.  This  is  one  cause  of  the  decadence  of  Japanese 
art ; another,  as  pointed  out  beyond,  is  the  demand  for  quan- 
tity and  cheapness  at  the  sacrifice  of  quality  in  their  products. 

Lithography  and  Photography  Tributary  to  Decoration. 

Lithography  is  now  made  subservient  to  the  decoration  of 
porcelain.  A wide  and  inviting  field  is  thus  opened,  espe- 
cially to  potters  in  the  United  States,  it  being  possible  to  pro- 
duce pictures  in  this  way  that  few  persons,  even  those  familiar 
with  the  art,  can  distinguish  from  hand  paintings.  Such 
decorations  may  replace,  and  at  no  greater  cost,  the  crude, 


CERAMIC  ARTS GENERAL  SURVEY. 


15 


grotesque  daubs  which  have  so  long  seemed  inseparable  from 
all  low-priced  decorated  ware. 

Photography  also  is  now  tributary  to  the  decoration  of  por- 
celain. The  beautiful  examples  exhibited  by  Julius  Leith,  of 
Vienna,  may  here  be  specially  referred  to.  A series  of  plates 
were  ornamented  by  photographs,  apparently  from  life,  as 
perfect  as  upon  paper,  and  seemingly  so  Avell  fixed  on  or 
under  the  glaze  as  not  to  be  liable  to  injury  by  use.  When 
we  think  upon  what  has*been  accomplished  by  the  Woodworth 
process  of  relief  printing  from  photographs,  it  seems  more 
than  probable  that  transfers  in  indelible  colors  of  such  pictures 
may  be  made  upon  porcelain  at  no  greater  cost  than  for  ordi- 
nary crude  engravings.  All  that  appears  to  be  necessary  is 
to  have  a very  fine  metallic  pigment  and  a surface  sufficiently 
smooth  to  receive  the  most  delicate  films  when  transferred 
fi'om  the  relief  plate  to  a suitable  paper,  which  can  be  im- 
pressed upon  the  porcelain,  and  then  removed  with  water  and 
friction,  leaving  the  ink  adhering  to  the  wuire,  exactly  as  is 
now  practised  with  copperplate  engravings.  • 

Pottery  in  the  United  States. 

For  the  manufacture  of  pottery  in  the  United  States  there 
is  no  lack  of  the  best  materials.  Not  only  are  extensive  de- 
posits of  clay  already  known  and  worked,  but  it  is  probable 
that  when  attention  is  more  generally  given  to  the  subject, 
other  deposits  will  be  brought  to  light. 

The  art  in  America  is  of  extreme  antiquity  amongst  the 
aboriginal  tribes,  especially  in  Mexico,  Central  America,  and 
in  the.  western  part  of  the  United  States.  At  the  DeUnvare 
Water  Gap  specimens  of  cups,  of  good  form  and  rudely  dec- 
orated, have  been  washed  out,  with  stone  implements.^  The 
clay  images  of  Mexico  and  the  remarkable  pottery  of  Peru 
are  well  known.  It  is  important  to  note  that  in  these  exiim- 
ples,  as  in  the  ancient  pottery  of  Arizona  and  Mexico,  great 
attention  was  given  to  decoration. 

In  the  early  attempts  at  the  manufacture  of  i)orcelain  in 

The  vessels  foinul  in  the  ancient  inonnds  of  the  M is,sissii)i>i  A alley  ari'  con^iihavd 
1)V  Professor  Cox  to  be  fonned  of  a.  calcareous  cement,  and  not  of  l)iirncd  clay. 
They  are  not,  therefore, in  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 


16 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Great  Britain  attention  was  directed  to  the  American  colonies 
as  a source  of  the  materials.  In  the  year  1745,  William  Cook- 
worthy  wrote  that  he  had  seen  samples  of  kaolin  and  petiinse 
found  on  the  ” back  of  Virginiti,”  and  that  the  discoverer  had 
gone  tor  a cargo  of  it.  In  1765,  Caleb  Lloyd,  residing  in 
Charleston*,  South  Carolina,  sent  a box  of  porcelain  earth  to  the 
Worcester  porcelain  works,  saying  that  it  had  been  obtained 
in  the  mountains  some  four  hundred  miles  west,  in  the  country 
of  the  Cherokees.  '^  Ihere  appears  to  have  been  much  interest 
manifested  in  this  discovery,  and  the  clay  was  pronounced  to 
be  superior  to  that  obtained  in  Cornwall ; but,  being  without 
the  undecomposed  portions  of  rock,  it  could  not  be  made  into 
porcelain. 

Miss  Meteyard,  in  her  life  of  Wedgwood,  mentions  the 
custom  of  merchants  and  captains  to  take  in  samples  of  clay 
and  other  earthy  bodies  on  their  return  voyages,  particularly 
from  the  ports  of  the  two  Carolinas,  Georgia  and  Florida.  | 
Bently  supplied  Wedgwood  with  clay  imported  from  Pensa- 
cola, a port  with  which  he  had  fi*ading  relations.  Wedg- 
\L)od  also  received  a sample  of  the  South  Carolina  clay,  and 
wrote  that  '"it  would  require  some  peculiar  management  to 
avoid  the  difficulties  attending  the  use  of  it.” 

As  early  as  1770  it  became  evident  to  the  British  potters 
that  the  pottery  industry  might  be  started  in  America  to  the 
detriment  of  their  trade,  and  Wedgwood  wrote  as  fol- 
lows : — 

The  trade  to  our  colonies  we  are  apprehensive  of  losing  in  a 
few  years,  as  they  have  set  on  foot  some  pot  works  there  already,  and 
liave  at  this  time  an  agent  amongst  ns  hiring  a number  of  our  hands 
for  establishing  new  pot  works  in  South  Carolina.  They  have  every 
material  there,  equal,  if  not  superior  to  our  own,  for  carrying  on 
that  manufacture.  We  cannot  help  apprehending  such  consequences 
from  these  emigrations  as  make  us  very  uneasy  for  onr  trade  and 
})rosperity.” 

Porcelain  works  were  soon  after  started  near  Philadelphia, 
but  with  little  success  in  competition  with  the  established 
maiiutacture  in  England,  although  some  very  good  porcelain 

*“Two  Centuries  of  Ceramic  Art  in  Bristol,”  pp,  8-13. 
t Meteyard’s  Life  of  Wedgwood,  p.  367. 


CERAMIC  ARTS — GENERAL  SURVEY. 


17 


was  produced.  Porcelain  was  made  near  Philadelphia  as  late 
as  the  years  1849  and  1850,  but  the  works  were  not  sustained. 
The  manufacture  is  now  reported  at  Phoenixville,  Pa.,  and 
exists  at  Greenport,  N.  Y.,  where  table  and  toilet  ware  is 
made. 

The  industry,  especially  in  the  direction  of  earthenware, 
and  the  common  cheap  pottery,  such  as  Kockiugham,  yellow- 
ware  and  stoneware,  has  increased  rapidly  of  late  years,  under 
the  stimulus  afforded  by  the  tariff  and  the  premium  on  gold. 
According  to  the  last  census  there  were  777  establishments  for 
the  manufacture  of  stone  and  earthen  ware  distributed  throiisrh 

O 

the  several  states,  the  highest  numbers  being  170  in  Ohio,  and 
1 98  in  Pennsylvania.  Only  fifteen  are  reported  in  j\Iassachu- 
setts.  Eighty-two  steam-engines,  with  an  aggregate  of  1,586 
horse-power,  were  in  use,  besides  eight  water-wheels  of  122 
horse-]fower.  Hands  employed,  6,116;  capital  invested, 
$5,294,398 ; amount  paid  in  wages,  $2,247,173 ; materials 
are  valued  at  $1,702,705  ; value  of  the  products,  $6,045,536. 
The  number  of  persons  reporting  their  occupation  as  potters 
is  5,060. 

In  the  State  of  Massachusetts  alone,  the  fifteen  establish- 
ments, with  twenty-three  horse-power  steam  and  forty  horse- 
power water,  employ  160  hands,  and  produce  to  the  value  of 
$244,493  annually. 

The  following  are  the  chief  points  at  which  the  potteries 
^e  located: — In  New  Jersey,  at  Trenton,  Jersey  City  and 
Gloucester.  In  Ohio,  at  East  Liverpool  and  Cincinnati ; New 
York,  in  the  city  and  at  Flushing  and  Greenpoint,  L.  I.  ; 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg;  Illinois,  Peoria; 
Maryland,  Baltimore  ; Massachusetts,  Boston  ; and  in  ^Missouri, 
at  St.  Louis.  In  1872,  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  148 
kilns  in  seven  States,  capable  of  })roducing  at  the  rate  of 
$30,000  annually  per  kiln,  which  would  amount  to  $4,440,000 
per  annum,  and  would  use  75,000  tons  of  coal,  and  75,000 
tons  of  clays  and  other  materials. 

The  industry  has  taken  root  (irmly  in  New  Jerseys  at  Tren- 
ton, and  bids  fair  to  thrive  perinaueiitly.  That  locality  oilers 
the  advantages  of  extensive  deposits  of  the  finest  clays,  cheap 
transportation  by  water,  as  well  as  l)y  rail ; and  the  proximity 
3 


18 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


to  the  coal  region  and  to  two  large  cities,  combine  to  foster 
its  growth,  and  to  make  the  locality  the  Staffordshire  of  the 
United  States.  The  pioneei'S  of  the  industry  at  Trenton  were 
Mr.  Steiner,  a German,  and  Mr.  Young,  an  Englishman. 

In  18G1,  there  were  but  five  small  potteries.  In  1868,  there 
were  seventeen,  with  an  aggregate  of  fifty-three  kilns,  with 
a capacity,  if  fully  worked,  of, — 


Number  of  hands,  ......  1,200 

Tons  of  coal  consumed  annually,  . . . 18,000 

Tons  of  prepared  clay,  .....  20,000 

Average  production  of  each  kiln,  . . . $25,000 

Capital  invested,  ......  $1,250,000 


jMr.  Ilattersley,  one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  manufiicture  of 
pottery  in  Trenton,  wrote  in  1868  : — 

‘‘The  writer,  after  travelling  over  the  States  of  New  York,  Con- 
necticut, New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware  and  Ohio,  in  search 
of  proper  materials  and  the  best  place  for  its  manufacture,  concluded 
that  Trenton,  New  Jerse}",  was  the  place,  situated,  as  it  is,  between 
the  two  great  markets,  New  York  and  Philadelphia;  health}",  and 
the  State  abounding  with  fine  clays  and  convenient  for  the  collection 
of  all  other  materials,  such  as  coal,  kaolin,  flint,  sand,  felspar,  bone, 
etc.,  by  canal  or  railroad.” 

There  are  now  some  tw"enty  establishments  and  sixty  kilns, 
producing  crockery,  chiefly  white  "stone-china,”  to  the  annual 
value  of  $1,500,000  to  $2,000,000.  When  in  full  operation* 
they  employ  from  1,200  to  1,500  hands,  and  consume  from 
25,000  to  30,000  tons  of  coal.  One  of  the  largest  establish- 
ments, the  Glasgow  pottery  of  Mr.  Moses,  covers  about  four 
acres  of  ground,  and  has  six  large  kilns  in  operation.  The 
manufadure  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  finer  sorts  of  stone- 
china,  fully  equal  to  any  imported;  but,  we  regret  to  note,. 'it 
is  stamped  w"ith  British  marks,  in  order  to  meet  the  prejudice 
of  the  consumers  in  favor  of  imported  ware.  But  this  we 
believe  is  passing  away,  and  the  time  will  soon  arrive  when 
the  trade-marks  of  American  establishments  will  command 
respect  and  preference.  It  is  altogether  possible  that  the 
United  States,  holding  the  greater  part  of  the  available  coal 


CERAMIC  ARTS— GENERAL  SURVEY. 


19 


of  the  world,  in  contiguity  with  illimitable  supplies  of  the 
best  and  most  varied  clays  and  potting  materials,  and  having 
unusual  attractions  for  skilled  and  ordinary  labor,  will  soon 
commence  the  export  to  less  favored  regions.  Meantime,  the 
home  market  is  expanding  faster  than  the  rate  of  supply  from 
home  sources. 

Notwithstanding  the  gradual  extension  of  the  industry  in 
the  United  States,  the  importation  of  pottery  amounts  to 
about  $6,000,000  annually,  and  is  steadily  increasing,  as  will 
be  seen  from  the  following  statement  furnished  for  the  report, 
at  my  request,  by  Edward  Young,  Esq.,  chief  of  the  bureau 
of  statistics,  Washington. 


Statement  of  value  of  Earthen^  Stone  and  China  ivare  fmported 
into  the  United  States  during  the  years  ended  June  30, 
1869  to  1873,  inclusive. 


1869, 

1870, 

1871, 

1872, 

1873, 


$4,372, 60'7 
4,388,771 
4,681,376 
5,270,785 
6,015,945 


Aggregate  in  five  years,  ....  $24,729,484 


The  value  of  the  different  kinds  of  pottery  for  three  years 
in  succession,  with  the  amount  of  duties  paid,  has  been  as 
follows 


Statement  of  the  Quantity^  Value  and  Duty  of  Earthemoare  and  Porcelain  entered  into  Conmmption  in  the  Pnited  States. 


CERAMIC  ARTS — GENERAL  SURVEY. 


21 


We  are  to  consider,  however,  the  difficulties  under  which 
we  labor;  the  possession  of  the  coal,  the  clay,  the  transporta- 
tion and  an  expanding  market  are  not  sufficient ; we  need  the 
labor  and  the  enterprise  to  bring  these  dormant  sources  of 
wealth  together.  As  in  Wedgwood’s  time,  there  are  those 
who  think  this  can  be  done  but  in  Great  Britain,  and  that  we 
should  send  our  clay,  our  sand,  and  our  coal,  over  the  ocean 
to  be  worked  into  objects  for  our  daily  use.  The  writer  of 
Wedgwood’s  life,  published  in  1865,  says  : — 

“ No  country  situated  as  America  then  was,  and  is  now,  with  her 
civilization  thrust  centuries  back  b}"  the  curse  of  blind  and  intem- 
perate party  strife  and  internecine  war,  can  hope  to  gain  perfection 
in  an  art.  A countiy  in  this  condition  gains  most  by  the  export  of 
raw  materials  and  the  import  of  manufactured  goods.” 

As  yet  we  have  barely  begun  to  explore  for  and  to  under- 
stand the  varied  sources  of  potters’  materials  which  are  known 
to  exist  all  over  the  country.  y 

There  is  no  need  of  looking  for  anjdhing  connected 

with  the  art,  unless  it  be  the  artistic  inspiration  to  be  gained 
by  contact  with  older  civilization  and  the  artistic  culture  which 
isdhe  inheritance  of  mankind. 

American  materials  are  more  and  more  brought  into  use  at 
the  American  potteries,  to  the  exclusion  of  those  formerly 
imported.  In  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  its  vicinity, 
there  are  establishments  for  mining,  washing  and  preparing 
kaolin  or  line  china  clay,  equal  to  any  from  Cornwall,  in 
Enfifland.  There  are  valuable  beds  of  such  clay  • in  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  and  in  Illinois  in  Pope  County,  at  wdiicli 
last-named  place  a superior  clay  is  obtained  and  is  highly 
valued  at  the  Ohio  potteries  and  others. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  fine  quartz  and  felspar  rock 
thromrhout  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  and  mines  have 
been  opened  in  Maine,  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
and  Maryland.  Mills  to  crush  and  grind  these  materials,  witli 
expensive  machinery,  have  been  erected  at  several  points  on 
the  Susquehanna,  at  Trenton,  and  on  the  Connecticut,  and 
in  various  places  in  the  AYest. 


22 


EXPOSITIOJT  AT  VIENNA. 


Decoration  of  Porcelain  and  Earthenware. 

Tlie  decorations  of  plain  white  china  and  earthenware,  in 
colors,  is  a branch  of  the  potter’s  art  which  is  assuming  con- 
siderable importance  in  the  United  States,  chiefly  in  conse- 
quence of  the  protection  afforded  by  the  tariff,  the  duties 
being  ad  valorem,  and,  of  course,  much  less  upon  plain  white 
Avare  than  upon  the  same  Avith  the  costs  of  decoration  added. 
It  is  not  alone  services  for  the  table,  plates,  tea-sets,  etc., 
Avhich  are  thus  ornamented,  but  toilet-sets,  and  especially  set 
basins  and  other  ceramic  plumbers’  Avare  and  fittings.  There 
arc  several  establishments  in  Ncav  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia 
and  the  West,  particularly  in  Chicago,  Avhere  quite  an  exten- 
sive business  is  established  in  decorating  and  matching  broken 
sets  of  china  or  stoneware.  Some  attention  has  also ‘been 
o’iven  at  the  East  to  the  decoration  of  tiles. 

Mr.  Staring,  of  Chicago,  has  successfully  established  the 
business  of  decorating  porcelain  in  the  West.  He  not  only 
succeeds  Avell  with  plain  colors  and  gilding,  but  with  flowers 
and  fruit.  Pieces  of  costly  sets,  that  are  accidently  broken, 
are  replaced  by  taking  plain  white  pieces  and  decorating 
them  to  match  the  rest.  Toilet  sets,  pitchers,  mugs  and 
dinner  services,  are  decorated  to  order.  A business  of  con- 
siderable proportions  is  being  established  in  this  Avay. 

Some  parties  in  New  Haven  and  New  York  propose  to 
decorate  Avare  by  machinery,  on  a large  scale,  under  patents 
issued  to  S.  ,J.  Hoggson.  An  organization  has  been  formed 
under  the  title  of  "American  Enamel  Decorating  Company.” 
The  process  consists  in  a rapid  transfer  of  designs  from  roll- 
ers to  the  object  to  be  decorated.  It  is  claimed  that  the 
Avork  can  be  done  with  great  rapidity  and  accuracy,  and  at 
very  little  cost. 


Baaiifications  of  the  Potter’s  Art. 


The  folloAving  list  of  trades  engaged  in  the  potters  and  con- 
nected arts  in  Great  Britain,  is  suo;o;estive  and  interestino* : — 

•'  oo  o 


Brick  and  Tile  makers. 
BroAAOi  Stone  potters. 
Chemical  potters. 

Chimney  Top  manufacturers. 


China  and  EarthenAvare  manufac- 
turers. 

China  gilders. 

China  menders. 


CERAMIC  ARTS — GENERAL  SURVEY. 


23 


China  Riveters. 

China  and  Porcelain  Door  Furni- 
ture makers. 

China  and  Porcelain  manufacturers. 
China  drillers. 

China  Figure  manufacturers. 

China  Ornament  makers. 

China  painters  and  gilders. 

China  Toy  makers. 

Drain  Pipe  and  Tile  makers. 
Earthenware  Figure  manufacturers. 
Earthenware  manufacturers. 
Egyptian  Black  - ware  manufac- 
turers. 

Encaustic  Tile  makers. 

Fancy  Jug  manufacturers. 

Fire  Brick  makers. 

Jug  manufacturers. 

To  these  may  be  added  the 
in  Great  Britain  by  an  active  < 

Brick  and  Tile  Machine  makers. 
Brick  Makers’  Implement  manufac- 
turers. 

Brick  Mould  makers. 

Grinding  Mill  makers. 

Kiln  builders. 

Machinists  in  general. 

Pug  Mill  makers. 

Potters’  Wheel  makers. 


Melting  Pot  and  Crucible  makers. 
Muffle  manufacturers. 

Parian  manufacturers. 

Plumbers’  Pottery  makers. 

Porcelain  Letter  makers. 

Porcelain  manufacturers. 

Potters. 

Potters’  engravers. 

Rockingham  Ware  manufacturers. 
Stone  Bottle  makers. 

Stone  Mortar  and  Pestle  manufac- 
turers. 

Stone  potters. 

Stoneware  manufacturers. 
Terra-Cotta  makers. 

Tobacco  Pipe  makers. 

Vase  manufacturers. 

ollowing  occupations  sustained 
eramic  industry  : — 

Ash  merchants. 

Chert  Stone  dealers, 

China  Clay  merchants. 

Clay  merchants. 

Flint  millers. 

Manganese  merchants. 

Marble  Clay  merchants. 

Pipe  Clay  manufacturers. 

Zaffres  refiners. 


Classification  of  Pottery. 

The  word  'pottery  in  its  widest  sense,  and  as  used  in  this 
Keport,  is  a very  comprehensive  term,  including  all  fictile 
productions  of  which  clay  is  the  chief  material.  This  wide 
range  of  products  may  be  grouped  under  two  grand  divisions 
— the  Earthy  and  the  • Vitreom.  Of  the  first,  ordinary 
earthenware  and  faience  arc  examples  ; and  of  the  second, 
porcelain  or  china.  The  chief  characteristics  of  the  enrtliy 
division  are,  as  the  name  indicates,  an  earthy  substance, 
porosity,  infusibility,  opacity  and  comparative  softness;  of 
the  vitreous,  a vitreous  substance,  fusibility,  translucency 
and  comparative  hardness. 


24 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  eartlw  group  incliicles  faience,  terra-cotta,  bricks,  etc. 
Faience  is  also  a comprehensive  term,  taking  in  all  varieties 
of  earthenware  stoneware,  etc.,  and  comprises  two  chief 
classes,  the  glazed  and  the  unglazed.  The  objects  may  also 
be  gronjied  as  hard  faience,  and  soft  faience,  stoneware 
being  an  example  of  the  former;  but  the  classification  accord- 
ing to  the  glaze,  or  superficial  coating,  is  to  be  preferred. 
Of  glazes,  which  consist  of  a composition  much  more  fusible 
than  the  body  of  the  ware,  there  are  many  varieties.  All, 
however,  have  this  in  common,  that  they  may  become  more  or 
less  fluid  in  the  furnace,  and  cover  the  porous  surfiice  of  the 
paste  or  body,  giving  a vitreous  surface  when  cold.  They 
are  all  more  or  less  siliceous,  but  the  substance  giving  the 
fusil )ility  may  be  an  alkali,  or  metallic  oxide,  usually  oxide  of 
lead,  or  of  zinc,  or  oxide  of  tin.  The  alkalies  and  lead  give 
a transparent  glaze,  and  oxide  of  tin  gives  an  opaque  glaze  or 
enamel,  and  objects  covered  with  it  are  described  as  enamelled.^ 
A common  and  cheap  method  of  glazing  hard  faience  is  by 
throwing  salt  into  the  kiln  while  the  objects  are  hot.  The 
soda  comifines  with  the  silica  in  the  ware,  and  a vitreous  glaze, 
known  as  salt-glaze,  results. 

For  this  Report  an  arbitrary  grouping  is  preferred,  chiefly 
with  a view  to  convenience  of  description.  The  objects  are 
grouped  according  to  their  uses  rather  than  by  their  material 
or  manufacture.  The  faience  and  porcelains  of  the  principal 
countries  are  first  considered ; next,  the  mural  and  floor 
tiles,  as  a distinct  and  largely  represented  branch  of  ceramic 
industry;  third,  terra-cotta,  bricks,  etc.;  and  fourth,  the 
materials  used  and  their  distribution.  In  each  of  these  divis- 
ions there  Avas  a profuse  representation  in  the  Exposition  ; and 
a thorough,  critieal,  and  explanatory  description  Avould  have 
required  much  more  space  and  time  than  have  been  at  com- 
mand. In  general,  only  the  salient  features  are  touched  upon. 
The  writer  has,  as  far  as  possible,  brought  prominently  forward 
the  names  of  the  prineipal  exhibitors,  recognizing  in  this  the 
discharge  of  a duty  to  them  as  well  as  to  the  public.  Every 
exhibitor  at  a great  exhibition,  Avho  makes  a display  worthy 
of  the  occasion,  does  so  at  no  small  outlay  of  time  and 
money,  and  he  is  justly  entitled  to  all  of  the  advantages 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


25 


which  such  participation  can  give  ; and  one  of  the  greatest  of 
these  advantages  is  publicity  through  the  reports. 

It  has  been  impossible  to  notice  all  that  was  interesting  in 
this  group.  Many  important  displays  have  not  been  men- 
tioned, partly  for  reasons  already  given,  and,  in  some  cases, 
from  the  difficulty  or  impossibility  of  obtaining  any  informa- 
tion concerning  them.  In  the  absence  of  exhibitors  or  their 
agents,  and  the  presence  of  the  notice, — "Visitors  are  not 
allowed  to  touch  the  objects,” — little  can  be  learned  that  is 
afterwards  available  in  a report.  The  reporter  would  .here 
direct  the  attention  of  exhibitors  in  future,  exhibitions  to  the 
importance  of  preparing  a concise  printed  statement  of  the 
chief ’facts  concerning  their  products,  for  the  information  of 
those  whose  attention  is  specially  directed  to  them.  Such 
facts  and  descriptions  can  be  verified  by  examination,  and 
modified,  if  need  be,  to  conform  to  the  opinions  of  the  exam- 
iner. With  such  information  at  hand,  the  exhibitor  need  not 
always  be  present,  and  will,  in  any  case,  be  spared  many 
questions  while  benefiting  the  public  as  well  as  himself. 

Some  idea  of  the  great  extent  of  the  exhibition  in  the  ce- 
ramic department  may  be  gained  from  the  fact  that  over  one 
hundred  and  sixty  awards  were  made.  The  number  of  ex- 
hibitors was  of  course  much  greater,  but  I have  not  been  able 
to  obtain  it.  In  the  British  section*  alone,  there  were  thirty- 
six'. 


II.  POBCELAI^s^  A ^T>  FaIENCE. 

GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  ceramic  productions  were  the  most  salient  features  of 
the  exhibition  from  the  United  Kingdom.  They  occupied 
the  most  favored  place  in  the  grand  transept,  next  to  the 
superb  metal  work  of  the  Messrs.  Elkington.  They  gave  the 
most  gratifying  evidence  of  the  substantial  growth  of  the 
artistic  element  in  Britain.  This  advance,  together  with  that 
shown  in  the  rnetal-work  referred  to,  in  the  furniture,  carpet- 
ings, and  decorative  art  generally,  may  be  acc(‘pted  as  the 
result,  in  great  part,  of  the  etlorts,  since  the  KxhiI)i(ion  of 
1851,  for  general  art-education  in  Great  I>ritain. 

4 


26 


EXrOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


'When,  in  1762,  the  people  of  the  pottery  region  petitioned 
Parliament  in  favor  of  an  Act  for  a turnpike  road,  they  set 
forth  that  in  Bnrslem  and  the  neighborhood  there  ^vere  nearly 
one  hundred  and  fifty  separate  potteries  for  making  various 
kinds  of  stone  and  earthen  ware,  employing  and  supporting 
ncarl}’  seven  thousand  people.  Many  tons  of  shipping,  and 
seamen  in  proportion,  were  employed  in  winter  carrying 
materials  for  the  Burslem  ware,  and  as  much  salt  was  used 
for  glazing  as  paid  an  annual  duty  of  £5,000  to  the  govern- 
ment. 

In  ten  months  of  1871  there  were  90,412  packages  of 
North  Staftbrdshire  ware  exported  from  Liverpool.  The 
total  value  of  the  exports  of  porcelain  and  earthenware  from 
the  kingdom — the  greater  part  of  which  was  produced  in  the 
Staffordshire  potteries — amounted,  in  ten  months  of  1871,  to 
£1,423,110  in  value.  This  is  about  the  same  as  in  1864  and 
1865,  the  value  of  the  production  being  in  the  latter  year 
£1,442,000.  The  annual  consumption  of  coal  in  the  art,  in 
1865,  was  about  450,000  tons,  and  in  1870,  according  to 
ofiicial  returns,  680,000  tons.  To  color  the  clay  and  print 
the  ware,  in  1865,  about  67,000  pounds  of  oxide  of  cobalt 
were  used,  and  1,100  tons  of  borax  and  boracic  acid  in  glaz- 
ing, and  12,000  ounces  of  gold  in  gilding.  About  4,500 
tons  of  calcined  bones  from  South  America  were  consumed 
annually.  In  1861,  40,697  persons  were  engaged  in  the 
manufacture. 

English  porcelain  is  said  to  differ  from  either  i\iQ  pate  dure 
or  the  pate  tendre  of  the  French,  and,  to  a certain  extent,  to 
combine  the  qualities  of  both.  A high  degree  of  trans- 
lucency  is  obtained  by  the  use  of  phosphate  of  lime.  It  is 
not  as  plastic  as  hard  porcelain,  but  may  be  cast,  moulded, 
or  turned  easily  in  the  ordinary  ways.  It  combines  well  with 
the  frits  of  i\\Q  pate  tendre,  and  with  glazes  adapted  to  colored 
decorations. 

The  exhibitors  deserve  great  credit  for  their  liberal  repre- 
sentation of  the  industr}^,  by  sending  to  suqh  a great  distance 
so  many  bulky  and  fragile  objects  of  great  value.  The  more 
important  of  the  collections  will  now  be  briefly  noticed. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


27 


Minton’s,  Stohe-upon-Trent,  and  28  WaJbrooh,  London. 
— This  well-kuowii  firm  made  a fine  display  of  china  and 
earthenware,  dinner,  dessert,  tea,  and  toilet  services  ; china, 
majolica,  and  parian  vases,  statuettes  and  other  ornaments ; 
enamelled  tiles  for  walls,  grates,  hearths,  and  flower-boxes. 
To  this  enumeration  must  be  added  a novelt}^  in  British 
manufacture,  decoration,  a process  Avhich  origi- 

nated at  Sevres  in  1847,  under  Ebelman,  though  known  long 
before  iu  China.  A series  of  plates  and  some  vases  gave 
satisfactory  evidence  of  the  complete  success  which  has  at- 
tended the  eftbrts  to  introduce  the  process  in  England,  by 
the  aid  of  M.  Solon,  from  Sevres,  who  removed  to  England 
during  the  Franco-German  wai^  The  nature  of  the  process 
is  indicated  by  the  name  : the  design  is  worked  upon  the 
plate  in  paste  or  thin  porcelain  body,  the  same  as  the  l)ody 
of  the  plate  itself.  But  the  body  of  the  plate  or  foundation 
for  the  design  is  previously  colored  a pale  celadon  green  or  a 
darker  color  (some  were  dark-brown  or  black),  and  the  de- 
sign, being  worked  over  this,  permits  the  color  to  be  seen 
through  the  thin  or  depressed  portions  after  vitrification,  and 
thus  deepens  or  forms  the  shades,  while  the  thicker  portions 
of  the  paste  show  less  of  the  ground-work  color,  are  higher, 
and  give  the  lights  an  appearance  of  a higher  degree  of  relief 
to  the  surface  than  actually  exists.  When  the  design  is 
finished  and  the  piece  is  fired  and  glazed,  the  translucency  of 
the  design  is  heightened,  and  the  whole  forms  a homogeneous 
mass. 

This  sd’ies  of  specimens  attracted  great  attention,  and  all 
were  sold  before  the  close  of  the  exhibition  to  various 
museums,  as  high  as  $100  being  paid  for  a single  [)late. 
One  of  these  plates  may  be  seen  at  the  Boston  Athena‘um. 

Pate  Change  ante. 

The  Messrs.  Minton  also  make  the  peculiar  chanufieon 
ware,  ov pate  eltawjeante,  which  appears  of  one  color  by  solar 
light  and  another  by  artificial  light.  In  the  daylight  it  is  a 
grayish  or  celadon-green,  and  at  night  is  piidv  or  crimson. 
This  kind,  of  paste  was  invented  by  the  chemist  Kegnanlt, 
when  Director  of  the  Sevres  establishment. 


28 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Henri-deux  ay  are. 

The  Mintons  also  exhibited  specimens  of  another  remarkable 
form  of  decorative  ware — imitations  of  the  celebrated  faience 
of  Ilenri-deiix.  These  specimens  were  much  admired,  and 
commanded  high  prices  from  amateur  collectors.  They  were 
co})ies  of  famous  pieces.  Among  them  were  two  tall  salt- 
dishes  or  stands,  one  of  which  was  purchased  by  a citizen,  of 
Boston  and  presented  to  the  Atheno3um,  where  it  can  be  seen. 
The  difficulty  and  expense  attending  the  manufacture,  make 
these  ol)jects  very  costly,  but  the  price  is  doubtless  high  in 
proportion  to  the  extreme  rarity  of  the  ware,  and  the  limited 
demand  for  it.  Of  the  original  ware,  there  are  said  to  be 
only  hfty-five  pieces  known.  There  are  twenty  enumerated 
in  the  list  of  photographs  of  specimens  in  the  collections  at 
South  Kensington,  including  Yvo  in  the  Louvre.  Brongniart 
in  his  treatise  says  that  about  thirty-seven  were  known  in 
France.*  This  ware  has  always  excited  great  interest  among 
collectors  and  connoisseurs,  based  upon  its  intrinsic  beauty 
and  novelty,  and  its  extreme  rarity.  The  pieces  have  sold 
for  fabulous  prices.  An  aiguiere,  or  ewer,  belonging  to  Mr. 
Magniac  was  purchased  for  £80  at  the  sale  of  M.  Odiot’s 
collection  in  1842,  and  shortly  after  was  sold  for  £96,  and 
has  since  been  valued  at  £2,000.  A circular  plateau  in 
the  South  Kensington  Museum,  purchased  originally  by  M. 
Espoulart,  of  Mans,  for  £3  4s.,  was  bought  in  1857  for  £140. 
At  the  sale  of  the  collection  of  the  Comte  de  Pourtales,  in 
March,  1865,  the  “ Bibernon  ” was  purchased,-  by  Mr. 
Malcolm,  for  the  sum  of  £1,100.  This  Biberon  is  one  of  the 
best  known  specimens  of  the  ware.  A capital  figure  is  given 
in  Brongniart,  pi.  xxxvii.  It  stands  a little  over  ten  inches  in 
height,  and  beai’s  the  arms  of  France  with  a coronet,  and  the 
initials  and  emblems  of  Diane  de  Poitiers.  The  ciphers  and 
armorial  bearings,  which  appear  on  so  many  specimens, 
indicate,  beyond  doubt,  that  this  w^are  was  the  favorite  at  the 
brilliant  court  of  Francis  I.,  and  Henry  II.  Its  origin  was 
for  a time  in  doubt,  and  has  been  the  subject  of  much  specu- 

*■  At  that  time  the  most  interesting  specimens  were  in  the  possession  of  M. 
Sanrageot,  M.  Odiot,  M.  Preaux,  and  M.  Count  Pourtales.  The  Ceramic  Museum 
at  Sevres  had  only  two. 


POECELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


29 


latioii,  .but  it  is  now  conceded  that  it  was  made  at  Oiroii,  iu 
the  south-west  of  France.  , 

In  composition  it  is  a faience  of  superior  quality,  the 
paste,  according  to  an  analysis  by  M.  Salvetat.  of  the  Sevres 
laboratory,  consisting  of. 

Silica, .59. 

Alumina,  ........  40.24 


99.24 

without  lime  or  magnesia,  and  only  a trace  of  iron.  It 
withstands  high  firing  without  change,  and  is  quite  white. 
M.  Salvetat  was  also  satisfied  that  the  glaze  did  not  contain 
tin.  Brongniart  notes  the  fact  that  this  white  earthenware 
body  was  made  in  France  long  before  the  first  attempts  to 
manufacture  white  earthenware  in  Great  Britain,  which  dates 
from  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  or  the  beofinnino'  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  But  the  distinguishing  peculiarity  of 
the  Ilenri-deux  ware  remains  to  be  described.  The  orna- 
mentation is  inlaid,  filling  incisions  or  depressions  in  the 
body,  though  flush  with  the  surfiice.  Fortius  Ailing,  pastes 
colored  with  ochre  were  chiefly  used,  and  the  designs  in 
general  appear  of  an  ochrey  brown  or  yellowish  color  on  the 
white  groundwork.  But  black,  blue,  pink  and  green  colors 
are  known.  It  is  believed  that  this  inlaying  was  accomplished 
by  means  of  moulds,  the  intricate  interlacing  designs  being 
first  carved  upon  a model  from  which  casts  were  taken.  The 
paste  pressed  in  the  moulds  so  formed,  received  the  designs 
in  intaglio,  and  the  spaces  were  afterwards  filled  with  a soft, 
colored  paste,  the  whole  operation  being  similar  to  that  of 
making  encaustic  tiles.* 

Royal  Pop.celain  Works,  Worcester. — These  works, 
now  under  the  management  of  Messrs.  Phillips  ifc  Bimis, 
with  Mr.  R.  W.  Binns,  F.  S.  A.,  as  the  Art  Director,  made  a 
most  attractive  display  of  the  specialties  of  their  [)ro(hicti<)u, 
notal)ly  of  ivory-porcelain  in  Japanese  forms  and  decoration  ; 


* For  details  with  figures,  reference  is  made  to  Brongniart’s  treatise,  ii,  pp.  170-17S. 


30 


EXP0SITI02iT  AT  VIENNA. 


of  porcelain,  majolica,  enamelled  terra-cotta,  vitreous  stone- 
ware and  tine  earthenware. 

The  principal  branches  of  manufacture  at  the  present  time 
are  tine  porcelain  and  stoneware,  for  services  of  all  kinds ; 
also  tine  earthenware,  parian  for  useful  and  ornamental 
ol)jects,  terra-cotta,  and  the  novelty  ” ivory  porcelain.”  The 
decorations  include  all  the  usual  styles  for  useful  wares, 
paintings  of  flowers,  birds,  landscapes,  figures,  etc.,  etc. 
The  ornamental  works  consist  of  enamels  on  royal  blue 
. ground,  llaphaelesque  embossments,  majolica,  painting  of  all 
kinds  on  vases,  etc.,  majolica  and  the  ivory  porcelain.  This 
last  is  a new  article  having  the  color  and  lustre  of  ivory,  and 
it  is  especially  well  adapted  to  the  imitation  of  the  remark- 
able objects  in  ivory  for  which  Japanese  artists  are  unrivalled. 
These  objects,  so  successfully  imitated  by  the  works,  consist 
generally  of  vases  formed  of  sections  of  the  tusk  of  the 
elephant,  of  jugs,  bottles,  flasks,  etc.,  and  of  tablets,  all 
embossed  or  carved  in  relief,  or  deeply  incised  and  variously 
decorated  in  colored  laquers,  and  with  bronze  and  gold.  In 
these  reproductions  of  Japanese  forms  and  decorations,  the 
Worcester  artists  have  been  remarkably  successful.  They 
are  not  servile  imitations,  but  the  true  spirit  of  Japanese 
decorative  art  appears  to  have  been  acquired  and  to  be  well 
understood.  In  this  ware  there  are  at  least  three  points  of 
merit : first,  composition  of  the  body,  its  successful  imitation 
of  the  softness  of  ivory  harmonizing  completely  the  material 
with  its  carved  appearance ; second,  the  perfection  of  the 
forms  ; and  third,  the  mastery  of  the  spirit  and  the  color  of 
the  decoration.  Plaques  made  in  this  way  would  be  agree- 
able additions  in  the  decoration  of  cabinets  and  furniture,  or 
wlierever  ivory  tablets  would  be  appropriate.  The  material 
gives  a new  and  pleasing  basis  for  graphic  decoration  in  any 
style. 

The  manufacture  of  fine  porcelain  was  commenced  at 
Worcester  in  the  year  1751,  and  the  first  royal  patent  was 
given  in  1789.  The  undertaking  originated  chiefly  through 
the  exertions  of  Dr.  J.  Wall,  a physician  with  chemical  skill 
and  artistic  tastes.  As  early  as  the  year  1763,  the  productions 
of  the  establishment  were  highly  esteemed.  Dr.  Wall, -at  an 
early  date,  applied  the  process  of  transferring  printed  de- 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


31 


signs  to  R glazed  surface  to  the  decoration  of  his  porcelain. 
The  earliest  known  date  of  this  printed  ware  is  1757,  upon  a 
jug  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geol- 
ogy, London.  The  design  is  in  black,  over  the  glaze ; and 
the  pieces  so  decorated  were  exposed  to  the  heat  of  the  en- 
amel kiln  only.  The  invention  of  under-glaze  printing  soon 
followed,  the  designs  being  transferred  to  the  unglazed  bis- 
cuit. Robert  Hancock,  who  had  studied  under  Ravenet  at 
the  enamel  works  at  Battersea  in  1750,  Avas  the  engraver  of 
the  early  designs  for  transfer. 

The  earliest  Worcester  porcelain,  according  to  Mr. 
Bin  ns,  was  made  of  a frit  body,  and  he  thinks  that  the 

following  formula  is  similar  to  that  used  by  Dr.  Wall  : sand, 
120  parts ; gypsum,  7 ; soda,  7 ; alum,  7 ; salt,  14 ; and 
nitre,  40.  After  fritting,  it  Avas  crushed,  and  75  parts  Avere 
mixed  Avith  15  of  Avhiting  and  10  of  pipe-clay.  The  glaze 
‘used  contained  38  per  cent,  of  red-lead,  27  of  sand,  11  of 
ground  flints,  15  of  potash,  and  9 of  carbonate  of  soda.  For 
common  ware  an  inferior  paste  Avas  made,  containing  steatite. 
This  gave  a body  less  dense  than  the  other,  and  of  a yellowish 
color. 

Attention  Avas  early  given  to  the  imitation  of  Chinese  and 
Japanese  Avares,  induced  by  the  high  estimation  in  Avhich 
oriental  porcelain,  or  china,  Avas  then  held.  And  with  that 
depraved  pandering  to  public  prejudice,  AAdiich  seems  to  be 
one  of  the  great  vices  of  the  ceramic  art,  false  marks  Avere 
sometimes  affixed,  especially  to  these  early  imitations. 

A crescent  is  one  of  the  earliest  ordinary  marks,  as,  also, 
a script  TF,  and  afterwards  the  name  or  initials  of  the  linn, 
either  stamped  in  or  printed.  A Chinese  fretted  s(piare, 
marked  in  blue,  Avas  frequently  employed.  Oriental  charac- 
ters Avere  also  marked  in  blue  on  some  of  the  pieces,  and  a 
specimen  in  the  Geological  Museum  has  the  Dresden  mark  of 
two  crossed  swords  in  blue  under  the  glaze. 

Si)ecimens  were  shown  of  the  beautiful  tea-set  presented 
to  Lord  Dudley  on  his  marriage.  The  decoration  consists  of 
turquoise  blue  enamel,  put  on  in  drops  near  together,  so  that 

* “ A Century  of  Potting  in  the  City  of  AVorecstcr,  lu'in^^  the  History  of  tlic  Royal 
Porcelain  AVorks  from  17-31  to  ISol,”  by  R.  AV.  Hinns,  V.  S.  A.,  lS(i-3,  p.  10.  Also,  in 
Dc  La  Beche,  “ British  Pottery  and  Porcelain.” 


32 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


the  surface  appears  to  be  tliicldy  set  with  turcpioise.  Each 
cup  aud  saucer  is  carefully  mounted  in  a stuffed  morocco  case. 
The  small  set  of  six  pieces  was  valued  at  about  $6,000. 

AVedgwood,  Josiah  & Sons,  Etruria,  Staffordshire. — 
This  well-known  establishment,  identified  with  the  growth  of 
artistic  pottery  in  Britain,  was  worthily  represented  by  some 
of  its  best  productions  of  the  jasper  or  Wedgwood  ware: 
white  biis-reliefs  on  colored  grounds,  unglazed  imitations  of 
the  famous  Henri-deux  ware  ; art-pottery  paintings  by  M. 
Lessore  ; paintings  on  raw  enamel,  by  M.  Bean  ; majolica 
vases ; dessert  and  hincy  articles.  Also  by  enamelled, 
printed,  and  cream-colored  earthen  ware  ; chemical  and  tele- 
graphic, aud  sanatory  and  plumber’s  ware.  Wedgwood’s 
basalts  are  dark  porcelanous  biscuits  of  great  hardness,  and 
cai)able  of  receiving  a high  polish.  They  resist  acids,  and 
bear  a high  degree  of  heat  without  injury.  The  white  porce- 
lain biscuit  has  similar  properties.  The  jaspar  bodies  are 
peculiarly  adapted  to  cameo  portraits  and  all  bas-relief  decor- 
ations, as  the  ground  may  be  of  any  desired  shade  of  color, 
while  the  raised  figures  are  white.  The  basis  of  many  of  the 
medallions  and  plaques  is  the  white  body  overlaid  by  a coat- 
ing of  the  dark.  , I have  tested  the  hardness  of  these  tablets, 
and  find  them  scarcely  inferior  to  quartz,  or  about  6^  on  the 
mineral ogical  scale,  being  superior  to  felspar.  They  are  still 
made  at  the  works  from  the  original  moulds  by  Flaxman. 
According  to  the  chemist  Salvetat,  Wedgwood  ware  consists 
of — 


Silica,  ..... 

66.49  ' 

Alumina,  ..... 

26.00 

Oxide  of  iron,  . . 

6.12 

Lime, 

1.04 

Magnesia,  ..... 

0.15 

Alkalies,  . . . . ' . 

0.20 

The  "jaspar  ware”  may  be  regarded  as 

a vitrified  stone- 

ware  of  fine  quality.  The  vitrifying  substances  added  to  the 
clay  body  are  flint,  ground  glass,  felspar,  sulphates  and  car- 
bonates of  lime  and  of  barytes.  White  jaspar  contains  from 
15  to  30  per  cent,  of  plastic  blue  clay,  0 to  15  per  cent,  of 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


33 


kaolin,  0 to  15  of  Cornish  stone,  or  40  to  50  per  cent,  of  these 
clay  materials,  to  which  is  added  25  to  45  per  cent  of  sul- 
phate of  barytes,  0 to  10  per  cent,  of  flint,  and  0 to  2 per 
cent,  of  gypsum.  Twenty  per  cent,  of  calcined  hone  is 
sometimes  added.  Half  of  one  per  cent,  of  cobalt  gives  this 
body  a blue  color ; one  per  cent,  of  chrome,  a dark  green  ; 
nickel,  a light  green;  copper,  bluish  green.  Basalts  and  the 
Egyptian  ^ware  are  made  by  introducing  some  forty  per  cent, 
of  burnt  ochre,  and  sometimes  ten  per  cent  of  mill  iron  cin- 
der.* In  addition  to  the  bas-relief  unglazed,  and  jasper 
ware,  the  establishment  now  turns  out  annually  large  quanti- 
ties of  the  ordinary  stone-china  glazed  ware,  plain  and  dec- 
orated. Full  dinner-services,  ornamented  with  fern  leaves, 
flowers,  or  autumn  leaves,  can  be  had  at  the  works  for  be- 
tween £10  and  £11.  The  printing  of  armorial  bearings, 
crests,  or  monograms  upon  the  ware  from  engraved  copper- 
plates, is  an  important  branch  of  the  decorative  work. 
•Plates  so  ornamented  to  order,  and  with  a single  band  of 
color  at  the  edge,  can  be  had  at  7s.  6d.  the  dozen. 

No  porcelain  is  now  made.  Its  production  was  carripd  on 
for  a short  time  about  the  year  1808  by  the  nephew  of  Mr. 
Wedgwood.  A small  amount  of  majolica  is  manufactured, 
and  some  ornamental  objects,  among  them  examples  of  the 
email  ombrant,^^  which  consists  of  depressed  designs,  chiefly 
of  human  figures  and  animals,  into  which  transparent  colored 
enamel  is  allowed  to  flow. 

The  following  list  of  pieces,  composing  complete  dinner 
and  desseVt  services,  and  a scale  of  prices  for  services  and  for 
pieces  separately,  at  Etruria,  will  be  found  useful  for  refer- 
ence and  comparison  : — 

* Beckwith’s  Pottery,  etc.,  p.  24. 


5 


34 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA, 


Earlhemvare  Table  Scale.  (Gilding  of  Covered  Pieces  extra.) 


S 

c 

Gilding. 

c 

O ■ 

3 

■g  i 

R A T E . 

H 2 S 

C 5 

S, 

d. 

S, 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

s.  cl. 

s.  d. 

CJ 

s. 

d. 

s. 

d. 

Plates,  9 in.  and  10  in., 

doz.. 

P 

2 

6 

2 

9 

2 

3 

2 

6 

2 

9 

3 

0 

“ 8 in., 

O 

2 

0 

2 

4 

1 

9 

2 

0 

2 

4 

2 

6 

Muffins  7 in.. 

“ 

o 

1 

9 

2 

0 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

2 

3 

“ 6 in.. 

Ah 

1 

6 

1 

9 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

Flat  Dislies,  22  in.. 

each. 

"a 

4 

6 

5 

0 

4 

6 

5 

3 

6 

0 

6 

6 

“ “ 20  in.. 

3 

0 

3 

6 

3 

0 

3 

6 

4 

0 

4 

3 

“ “ 18  in.. 

2 

0 

2 

6 

2 

0 

2 

6‘ 

2 

9 

3 

2 

“ “ 16  in.. 

.s 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

3 

1 

6 

■ 2 

0 

2 

2 

“ “ 14  in.. 

fL 

0 

11 

1 

2 

0 

11 

1 

2 

1 

4- 

1 

6 

“ “ 12  in., 

• U 

bC 

0 

8 

0 

10 

0 

8 

0 

10 

0 

11 

1 

0 

“ “ 10  in.. 

.5 

0 

4^ 

0 

6 

0 

44 

0 

6 

0 

7 

0 

8 

“ “ 9 in.. 

(( 

0 

H 

0 

4 

0 

34 

0 

4 

0 

5 

0 

6 

Hound  Dishes  1 size  hig-tier. 

O 

s 

Fish  Drainers  same  as  the 

dishes  they  fit. 

o 

o 

Gravy  Dish,  22  in.. 

each. 

- 

- 

6 

0 

6 

6 

7 

.0 

9 

3 

“ “ 20  in.. 

U 

1^ 

- 

- 

4 

6 

5 

0 

5 

6 

6 

3 

“ “ 18  in.. 

<< 

- 

- 

3 

6 

4 

0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

“ “ 16  in.. 

Soup  Tureen  and  Cover, 

66 

■■ 

~ 

- 

- 

3 

0 

3 

6 

3 

9 

4 

3 

11  in.,  . 

Soup  Tureen  Stand, 

2 4 

2 6 

3 

6 

4 

0 

4 

0 

4 

0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

0 8 

1 0 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

'3 

1 

6 

1 

6 

1 

8 

“ “ Ladle,  . 

0 6 

0 6 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Sauce  Tureen  and  Cover, 

1 0 

1 2 

0 

8^ 

34 

0 

10 

0 

84 

0 

10 

1 

0 

1 

2 

“ “ Stand, 

0 4 

0 6 

0 

0 

i 

0 

34 

0 

4 

0 

5 

0 

54 

“ “ Ladle, 

0 3 

0 4 

0 

34 

0 

4 

0 

3 

0 

4 

0 

4 

0 

44 

Coverdish,  12  in.  3 div. 

- 

- 

- 

3 

6 

4 

0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

“ 12  in.  . 

(C 

- 

- 

- 

- 

2 

0 

2 

4 

2 

9 

3 

3 

“ ' 11  in.  . 

1 6 

1 9 

1 

6 

2 

0 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

2 

3 

“ 10  in.  . 

<< 

1 

3 

1 

9 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

“ 9 in.  . 

- 

- 

1 

0 

1 

4 

1 

2 

1 

4 

1 

7 

1 

9 

“ 8 in.  . 

- 

- 

0 

10 

1 

0 

1 

0 

1 

2 

1 

5 

1 

6 

“ Drainers,  half-priee 

of  Coverdish, 

each. 

Salad,  11  in.,  . 

( 

) 

1 3 

1 6 

- 

- 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

2 

3 

“ 10  in.,  . 

? 

- 

- 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

Oval  Bakers,  12  in.. 

- 

- 

0 

8 

0 

10 

0 

11 

1 

0 

1 

3 

1 

4 

“ “ 11  in.. 

- 

- 

0 

7 

0 

9 

0 

9 

0 

10 

1 

0 ■ 

1 

2 

‘‘  “ 10  in., 

(( 

- 

- 

0 

6 

0 

8 

0 

7 

0 

8 

0 

9 

0 

11 

“ “ 9 in.. 

- 

- 

0 

4 

0 

6 

0 

6 

0 

7 

0 

8 

0 

9 

“ “ 8 in.. 

- 

- 

0 

34 

0 

5 

0 

44 

0 

5 

0 

6 

0 

7 

“ “ 7 in.,  . 

- 

- 

0 

3 

0 

4 

0 

4 

0 

44 

0 

5 

0 

6 

Hound  or  Deep  Bakers  one 

size  higher,  each. 
Cheese  Stand,  11  in.. 

each. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

• 

_ 

1 

9 

2 

0 

2 

3 

2 

4 

“ “ 10  in.,  . 

- 

- 

- 

- 

1 

3 

1 

6 

1 

9 

2 

0 

Boats  and  Pickles, 

0 4 

i 6d.  ? 
} Id.  ^ 

0 

34 

0 

44 

0 

CO 

0 

4 

0 

44 

0 

5 

Boats  and  Stands,  . 

0 4 

0 6 

0 

7 

0 

9 

0 

7 

0 

8 

0 

9 

0 

10 

Hot  Water  Plate,  10  in.. 

~ ' 

- 

1 

4 

1 

6 

1 

4 

1 

6 

1 

7 

1 

8 

“ “ “ 8 in.. 

66 

- 

- 

1 

0 

1 

2 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

6 

Beef  Steak  Dish,  14  in., 

66 

3 0 

3 6 

5 

6 

7 

0 

5 

6 

6 

0 

7 

0 

8 

0 

2 “ “ 12  in., 

6 

3 0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

5 

6 

6 

0 

Hash  Dish,  14  in., . 

66 

3 0 

3 6 

- 

- 

4 

0 

4 

6 

5 

0 

5, 

6 

Hoot  Dish,  12  in., . 

3 0 

3 6 

5 

0 

5 

6 

5 

3 

5 

6 

6 

0 

6 

6 

“ “ 11  in., . 

66 

2 6 

3 0 

4 

3 

4 

6 

4 

3 

4 

6 

5 

0 

6 

0 

£ s.  cl. 

£ s.  d. 

£ 1 

s.  d. 

£ 

s.  d. 

£ 

s.  d. 

£ 

s.  d. 

Dinner  Service  for  IS  persons, 

0 1.5  7 

0 18  8 

2 : 

1.3  8 

3 

2 2 

3 11  7 

3 19  3 

Dinner  Service  for  12  persons, 

0 13  7 

0 16  4 

2 

1 1 

2 

7 8 

2 1411 

3 

Oil 

PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


35 


Earthenware  Dinner  Service 


FOR  EIGHTEEN  PERSONS. 

- 54  Plates,  10  in. 

18  Soups,  10  in. 
oG  Plates,  8 in. 

1 Dish,  20  in. 

1 “ 18  in. 

2 “ 16  in. 

2 “ 14  ill. 

4 “ 12  in. 

4 “ 10  in. 

4 “ 9 in. 

1 Soup  Tureen  and  Stand. 
4 Sauce  “ “ 

4 Vegetable  Dishes. 

1 Salad  Bowl. 

1 Fish  Drainer. 

1 Pie  Dish,  11  in. 

2 “ 9 in. 

1 Cheese  Stand. 


FOR  TWELVE  PERSONS. 

36  Plates,  10  in. 

12  Soups,  10  in. 

24  Plates,  8 in. 

1 Dish,  18  in. 

2 “ 16  in. 

2 “ 14  in. 

2 “ 12  in. 

4 “ 10  in. 

1 Soipi  Tureen  and  Stand. 

2 Sauce  Tureen  and  Stand. 
2 Sauce  Boats  and  Stands. 
4 Vegetable  Dishes. 

1 Salad  Bowl. 

1 Fish  Drainer. 

1 Pie  Dish,  11  in. 

2 “ 9 in. 

1 Cheese  Stand. 


Earthenware  Dessert  Service 


FOR  EIGHTEEN  PERSONS. 

18  Dessert  Plates. 

4 Low  Comports. 

4 Tall 

Earthenware 

DOUBLE  SET. 

'2  Ewers  and  Basins,  6’s. 

2 Chambers,  6’s. 

2 Soap  Boxes. 

2 Brush  Trays. 


FOR  TWELVE  PERSONS. 
12  Dessert  Plates. 

4 Low  Comports. 

2 Tall 

Toilet  Service 

SINGLE  SET. 

1 Ewer  and  Basin,  6’s. 

2 Chambers,  6’s. 

1 Soap  Box. 

1 Brush  Tray. 


John  Mortlock,  Oxford  Street,  London,  exhibited  china, 
breakfast,  dinner,  dessert,  and  tea  services,  of  IMinton’s 
manufacture,  with  stone-china  dinner-services  of  Minton  and 
of  Wedgwood’s  ware,  decorated  by  the  artists  Solon,  Miissill, 
Coleman,  and  others. 

Daniell,  a.  B.,  So  Son,  46  Wigmore  Street,  Jjondon, 
exhibited  pottery  and  porcelain,  dinner,  dessert,  breakfast, 
and  tea  services,  besides  toilet  ware,  majolica  vases,  and  or- 
namental objects  of  various  makers.  This  linn  offered  deco- 


36 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


rated  iron-stone  china  dinner  services  at  from  60  to  80  florins 
the  set  ($30  to  $40)  ; a fern  pattern  set  for  six  persons  for  85 
florins  ($42). 

Doulton,  H.,  & Company,  28  High  Street,  Lambeth,  Lon- 
don, exhibited  an  interesting  and  important  series  of  "blue 
metallic  clay  goods”  for  pavings,  copings,  ridge-tiles,  chan- 
nellings, and  curbings,  and  for  use  in  buildings  where  extra 
strength  is  required.  Also,  a collection  of  artistic  stone-ware 
mugs,  jars,  flagons,  etc.  These  last  were  especially  interest- 
ing as  examples  of  what  may  be  accomplished  with  the  cheap- 
est and  commonest  materials  in  artistic  hands.  The  objects 
were  very  pleasing,  and  the  prices  moderate.  Each  article  is 
hand-made,  and,  while  it  is  soft,  designs  are  drawn  upon  the 
surface  with  a sharp-pointed  style,  leaving  a deepl^^-incised 
line,  into  which  the  faintly-colored  salt  glazing  flows  and  fills 
it  flush  with  the  surface.  The  designs  consist  chiefly  of 
birds,  animals,  and  flowers.  Twenty  or  thirty  artists  are 
employed,  and  the  articles  produced  are  in  great  demand. 
For  this  manufacture,  the  clays  of  Devonshire  and  Dor- 
chester, with  the  sand  of  Woolwich  and  of  Charlton,  are 
chiefly  used.  The  clays  are  simply  dried  and  broken  up, 
and  mixed  with  the  sand  in  proportions  determined  by  the 
quality  of  the  ware  desired.  The  paste,  after  kneading  and 
beating  to  secure  complete  mixture  and  solidity,  is  passed 
between  cast-iron  rollers.  The  objects  are  burned  with  coal 
in  open  kilns  of  the  Statfordshire  pattern,  and  are  glazed  with 
salt. 

A good  collection  of  this  pottery  can  be  seen  at  the  rooms 
of  the  Household  Art  Company,  Boston, 


FRANCE. 

The  French  section  afibrded  an  excellent  apergu  of  the 
condition  of  the  ceramic  art  in  that  country.  There  were 
many  exhibitors,  each  producing^^some  special  forms  or  char- 
acters of  ware.  Although  there  was  an  abundance  of  deco- 
rated porcelain,  there  was  a stronger  and  more  striking  repre- 
sentation of  artistic  enamelled  faience,  majolica,  highly- 
colored  wall  tiles,  and  imitations  of  the  ware  of  Bernard 


POECELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


37 


Palissy.  The  lovers  of  artistic  decoration  lingered  over  the 
display  made  by  Deck,  admiring  not  only  the  high  chimney- 
piece,  but  the  large  plates  and  ornamental  objects  decorated 
by  paintings  from  the  hands  of  masters  in  the  art.  Their 
names,  well  known  to  connoisseurs,  displayed  on  a large 
mural  tablet  in  enduring  enamels,  are  as  follows  : Messieurs 
Anker,  Bennier,  Collin ; Mademoiselle  Escallier ; Messieurs 
Gluck,  Hirsch,  Jullien,  Legrain,  Rannier,  and  Rieber. 

Parvillee,  Leon,  Paris,  1 Rue  PTeuve- Fontaine- St. 
Georges,  at  the  angle  of  the  Rue  de  Douai,  exhibited  a variety 
of  decorative  objects,  vases,  plates  and  platters  in  enamelled 
terra-cotta,  in  Persian  patterns  remarkuble  alike  for  brilliancy 
of  colors  and  the  sharp-dividing  lines  of  the  designs,  the  enam- 
els being  in  high  relief.  The  basis  of  these  wonderfully-tine 
enamels  is  the  red  terra-cotta  or  earthenware.  The  designs 
have  been  obtained  directly  from  Persian  Avork  and  manu- 
scripts. The  specimens  attracted  much  attention  from  con- 
noisseurs, and  most  of  them  were  sold  early  in  the  season  to 
the  agents  of  the  art  museums  of  Europe.  One  of  the  finest 
examples — a vase  of  peculiar  form,  with  tall  narrow  neck  and 
sculptured  handles — was  secured  by  a citizen  of  Boston  for 
the  Art  Museum  in  that  city. 

Interior  Decoration  in  Enamel. 

M.  Parvillee  has  executed  many  important  Avorks  for  in- 
terior decoration  in  the  oriental  style,  and  exhibited  a port- 
folio of  manuscript  designs  in  colors  of  the  apartments  Avhich 
have  been  decorated  by  him  Avith  his  enamelled  plaques  and 
tiles. 

The  enamels  of  M.  Parvillee  are  opaque  and  have  consider- 
able relief.  The  colors  are  extremely  pure  and  clear,  and 
are  laid  on  with  care, — the  same  precaution  of  drawing  a. 
dark  dividing  or  marginal  line  between  each  color,  as  in  the 
specimen  described  from  Choisy-le-Roi,  being  taken.  In 
Parvillee’s  specimens,  however,  the  enamels  appear  to  have' 
been  put  directly  upon  the  Avhite  earthenware  paste  without 
glaze,  Avhich,  ap[)arently,  Avas  added  afterwards  for  the  in- 
terior and  edge  of  the  vessel. 

If  the  large  pieces  of  interior  decoration  arc  carried  out 


38 


EXPOSITIO?^  AT  VIENNA. 


v'itli  the  accuracy  of  detail  characterizing  the  ornamental  ob- 
jects, they  must  be  extremely  costly.  They  are  veiy  differ- 
ent from  the  bolder  and  rougher  work  on  terra-cotta,'  designed 
chiefly  for  exteriors.  One  of  the  chief  works,  by  the  cele- 
brated Luca  della  Kobbia, — reputed  to  be  the  discoverer  of 
stanniferous  enamels  in  Europe,— was  the  decoration,  in  en- 
amelled terra-cotta,  of  a room — a writing-cabinet — for  Pievo 
di-  Cosimo  Medici,  about  the  year  1464.  It  Avas  lined 
throughout.  Avails,  ceiling,  and  pavement,  and  the  parts  were 
so  perfectly  fitted  together  that  it  appeared  to  be  all  in  one 
piece.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  remarkable  medallions 
illustrating  the  seasons,  noAV  in  the  South  Kensington 
Museum,  originally  formed  a part  of  the  decoration  of  this 
cabinet,  Avhich,  unfortunately,  no  longer  exists,  and  is  knoAvn 
only  through  tradition  and  the  Avritings  of  Vasari.^ 

Choisy-le-Koi,  H.  Boulenger  : Dej)6t  in  Paris^  Pue  de 
Paradis  Poissonniere  4. — Objects  of  utility  and  ornament, 
in  Alienee,  "granite,”  and  "half-porcelain.”  A great  variety 
of  objects  are  made  at  this  establishment,  and  were  on  exhi- 
bition, such  as  articles  for  the  toilet,  for  perfumers,  pharma- 
cists, plumbers,  and  decorators;  dessert  sets,  candlesticks, 
floAver-pots,  tiles  for  jardinieres,  clock-stands,  match-boxes, 
vases,  etc.,  etc.  They  also  imitate  the  faience  of  Rouen, 
Italy,  Nevers,  the  enamelled  plaques  of  Persia,  and  the  por- 
celain of  China  and  old  Sevres. 

A round  plaque,  in  Persian  style,  is  remarkable  for  the 
relief  of  the  enamel  and  the  distinctness  and  brilliancy  of 
the  colors.  It  is  ten  and  a half  inches  in  diameter,  and 
has  a projecting  annular  support  beloAV,  giAung  greater 
strength  to  the  piece  Avithout  adding  much  to  the  Aveight. 
The  basis  or  ground-Avork  is  ordinary  earthenware,  of 
Avhite  body,  glazed  in  white,  like  stone-china.  The  upper 
surface  is  highly  decorated,  Avith  opaque  colored  enamels 
laid  upon  the  white  enamel  coAmring  the  whole.  There 

^ Luca  della  Rol3bia  was  born  in  the  yea.r  1400,  and  is  distinguished  for  his  meri- 
torious artistic  productions  in  marble,  terra-cotta,  and  bronze.  The  frieze  of  the 
singing  boys,  in  the  Museum  of  the  Uffizii  at  Florence,  and  the  bronze  gates  of  the 
sacristy  of  the  Duomo  in  Florence,  are  examples  of  his  labors  in  these  materials.  He 
is  supposed  to  have  introduced  the  use  of  stanniferous  enamels  in  Italy  in  the  year 
1438,  with  a view  to  the  execution  of  indestructible  paintings. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


39 


are  eight  clifFereiit  colors.  The  design  appears  to  be  car- 
nation pinks,  treated  conventionally,  quartering  v/ithin  an 
arabesque  border  of  brilliant  yellow  dividing  the  area  of 
the  flowers  from  an  outer  margin  of  a beautiful  deep  blue 
color.  The  ground-work  of  the  central  portion  is  white, 
being  the  general  glazed  surface  upon  which  the  enamels  are 
laid.  The  great  element  of  beauty  in  such  a plaque  is  the 
relief,  Avith  a curved  surface,  of  the  design.  It  may  be  said 
to  catch  and  reflect  the  light.  The  design  is  visible  and  bril- 
liant, Avhen  viewed  obliquely,  in  any  position.  There  is  no 
one  best  light  in  which  to  view  it.  Instead  of  the  blinding 
glare  of  a plain  mirror-like  surface,  the  design  stands  out 
clearly  and  brilliantly,  looking  as  if  the  flowers  were  laid 
upon  the  plate.  This  remarkable  relief,  in  some  portions  to 
the  extent  of  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  appears  to  be  due,  in  the 
first  place,  to  the  composition  of  the  enamel  and  management 
of  the  heat,  AAdiich  permits  incipient  fusion  Avithout  floAving. 
It  is  evidently  not  very  fluid  in  the  fire,  and  does  not  seem  to 
have  any  special  affinity  for  the  ground-work  glaze,  for  it 
does  not  spread  upon  it.  The  differently  colored  enamels 
Avould,  hoAvever,  unite,  Avhere  they  are  placed  side  by  side, 
were  it  not  for  a narroA\^  dark  line  of  a brown,  earthy  charac- 
ter, Avhich  is  traced  around  every  part  of  the  design,  isolating 
each  patch  of  colored  enamel,  and  apparently  preventing  the 
floAv  by  sinking  into  and  drying  up,  so  to  speak,  the  soft 
vitreous  surface  of  the  glaze.  It  also  serves  the  purpose  of 
" setting  off”  each  part  of  the  design,  and  adds  to  tlie  general 
effect.  It  is  a dead,  earthy  surffice,  without  lustre  or  relief. 
Girard,  in  reporting  upon  the  beautiful  enamels  of  Collinot 
in  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  says  that  the  absolute  neat- 
ness of  outline  is  obtained  by  tracing  around  each  floAver  a 
cupreous  composition,'*  Avhich,  being  modified  by  the  fire, 
gives  a metallic  cavity,  retaining  the  enamel  in  its  place. 
This  suggests  cloissonee:  but  the  border  in  the  Choisy-le-Koi 
specimen,  and  in  Deck’s  enamels,  has  no  metallic  ap])oarance 
and  does  not  form  any  cavity.  It  simply  presents  a surface 
repelhint  to  the  flow  of  the  enamel,  as  a line  of  Avax  or  oil  re- 
pels Avater. 


40 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Tl  iiERPtY-PouLiN,  manvfaclurers  of  porcelain  and  faience: 
deputy  48  Hue  Caumartin,  Paris. — This  establishment, 
among  other  objects,  exhibited  dinner-services  in  white 
faience,  decorated  in  brilliant  colors  with  flowers  and  leaves 
of  the  natural  size,  such  as  passion-flowers,  branches  of  cur- 
rants, lilies,  convolvulus,  and  hazel-nuts, — all  remarkable  for 
fidelity  to  nature  in  the  drawing  and  coloring.  The  price  of 
such  sets  complete  is  400  francs. 

Sergext  : depot  Avenue  d' Orleans  106,  Paris. — Manu- 
tacturer  of  artistic  faience  and  paintings  upon  faience,  imita- 
tions of  the  Pallisey  ware,  relief  plaques  and  majolica. 

Barbizet. — Majolica  and  imitations  of  Bernard  de  Palissy’s 
works. 

Geoferoy. — Yellow  and  blue  enamels,  etc. 

Slabs  for  Furniture. 

Houry,  Jules,  Paris.  A specialty  by  this  exhibitor  is 
slabs  of  porcelain,  with  figures  in  relief  covered  with  a 
transparent  blue  glaze.  They  are  designed  chiefly  for  set- 
ting in  furniture,  the  tops  and  sides  of  caskets,  and  for 
tables.  The  Maze  is  thin  on  the  liiMi  liMils  and  collects  in 
the  depressions,  thus  enhancing  the  effect  of  low  relief. 
The  process  is  like  that  for  producing  email  ombrant,  but 
the  design  is  the  reverse,  being  raised  instead  of  depressed. 
The  British  artisan  (Locke)  in  describing  this  work  says  : 
"The  slabs  are  modelled  in  .stems  and  leaves  in  low  relief 
and  then  covered  with  a beautiful  blue  glaze  ; the  color  is 
wiped  off  the  high  parts  of  the  modelling  and  looks  as  if 
the  light  had  fallen  across  it  and  the  blue  fldls  into  the 
shadows.  It  must  not  be  compared  \tith  the  majolica  made 
in  England,  which  is  similar  in  treatment,  for  the  tone  of 
the  blue  was  bright  and  pure  and  the  design  suited  the  pur- 
pose. It  gives  us  an  idea  of  what  good  things  can  be  done 
without  much  labor.  * * ^ . I should  like  to  see  the  Eng- 
lish use  their  decorated  porcelain  in  objects  of  use  -more 
than  they  do,  for  this  exhibitor  shows  what  can  be  done 
with  it.” 

The  jury  made  Honorable  Mention. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


41 


Lustre D Ware. 

Brianchon  I.  Aine,  Paris.  This  exhibitor  confined  his 
display  to  a variety  of  specimens  of  ornamental  objects,  cov- 
ered with  a very  brilliant  pearly  or  nacreous  glaze,  semi- 
metallic  in  appearance,  and  to  the  eye  of  a chemist,  evidently 
due  to  the  partial  reduction  of  oxides  in  the  glaze  to  a metal- 
lic state.  There  is  a great  variety  of  tints,  from  pearly 
white  to  a rose  pink ; and  some  of  the  objects,  such  as 
shells,  where  the  iridescent  surface  is  peculiarly  fitting,  are 
very  pleasing  to  the  eye. 

This  is  a modification  of  an  ancient  art,  which  was  long 
kept  a secret.  Its  revival  in  France  is  due  to  M.  Brianchon, 
who  has  succeeded  admirably,  making  his  pieces  with  more 
certainty  and  brilliancy  than  the  old  masters  of  the  secret 
could  attain.  The  early  invention  is  attributed  to  the  cele- 
brated maestro,  Geprgio  Andreoli,  whose  lustred  wares  are 
so  highly  prized  by  collectors.  The  purple  or  silver-lust  red 
ware  of  Staffordshire  is  similar.  The  process  was  intro- 
duced there  in  Wedgwood’s  time,  but  has  never  made 
great  progress.  M.  Brianchon’s  process  consists  in  making 
enamels  of  nitrate  of  bismuth,  iron,  uranium,  nickel  or 
cobalt,  and  adding  a reducing  agent,  such  as  resin  or  essen- 
tial oils.  Objects  of  this  nature  have  also  been  made  at 
the  Royal  Porcelain  Works,  Worcester,  and  by  the  Beleek 
Company  in  Ireland. 

This  exhibitor  received  a Merit  Medal. 

Sevres  Manufactory. 

There  was  no  formal  exhibition  of  Sevres  products,  but 
the  celebrated  porcelains  of  this  noted  establishment  were 
not  unrepresented.  Amongst  other  pieces  and  collections 
the  dessert  service  of  Sevres  ])ate  tendre  should  be  noticed. 
It  dates  from  the  year  17(15,  and  is  a beautiful  tuixpioise 
blue  in  color.  It  was  cxhi])ited  by  Prince  Nicolas  Repine, 
of  Kiev,  Russia. 

The  scientific  as  well  as  the  artistic  development  of  the 
ceramic  art,  owes  much  to  the  laborious  investigations  and 
experiments  pursued,  for  a long  scries  of  years  at  this  estab- 
lishment, under  the  direction  of  such  savaiis  as  Hrongniart, 
6 


42 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Regnaiilt,  Ebelman.  and  Salvetat.  Chemical  science  was 
needed  and  was  freely  used  to  throw  light  upon  the  great 
empirical  art.  Results  of  great  practical  value  to  ceramic 
industry  followed.  The  composition  of  foreign  porcelains, 
of  clays  and  mixtures,  was  ascertained.  The  principles  of 
the  art  of  combiuiug  were  established,  and  the  secrets  of 
glasses  and  enamels,  and  colors,  wxre  unlocked  and  discov- 
ered to  the  world.  We  can  scarcely  measure  the  influence 
upon  the  potter’s  art  of  such  an  establishment.  And  in 
judging  of  the  quality  of  productions  of  private  manufacto- 
ries as  compared  with  its  productions,  we  should  remember 
the  superior  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  union  of  science  with 
the  accumulated  experience  handed  down  through  genera- 
tions, and  preserved  by  royal  patronage. 

Sevees  as  a School  of  Aet. 

At  the  London  Exhibition  of  1851,  the  jury  unanimously 
assigned  the  first  place  to  the  products  of  the  Sevres  manu- 
factory, and  awarded  the  Council  Medal.*  They,  however, 
very  justly  point  out  the  fact  that  the  light  in  which  these 
’products  should  be  regarded  is  wholly  different  from  that  in 
which  the  productions  of  commercial  industry  should  be 
viewed.  The  Sevres  productions  are  rather  those  of  a 
richly-endow^ed  school  of  design,  and  in  the  French  exhibi- 
tions they  have  not  been  placed  in  competition  with  the  re- 
sults of  private  enterprise.  The  influence  of  Sevres  as  a 
school  of  design  has  extended  over  the  whole  of  Europe,  and 
many  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  porcelain  produced 
elsewhere  are  imitations,  or  slight  modifications,  of  the  old 
productions  of  the  Sevres  school. 

As  early  as  16Q8,  the  porcelain  products  at  Saint  Cloud 
were  thought  to  be  equal  in  quality  to  those  of  China.  The 
manufacture  was  continued,  in  1708,  by  the  Brothers  Dubois, 
under  the  protection  of  the  Prince  de  Conde.  But  they  did 
not  succeed  at  Saint  Cloud  or  at  Chantilly.  They  removed 
to  Vincennes,  but  failed  again.  In  1745,  a company  was 
formed,  under  the  royal  patronage,  with  special  privileges  for 
thirty  years;  but,  in  1753,  this  was  revoked,  and  the  king 
became  interested  to  the  extent  of  a third,  and  the  establish- 


* Reports  of  the  Jury,  p.  542. 


PORCRLAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


43 


ment  was  removed  to  Sevres.  The  first  success  is  said  to 
date  from  1768. 


Hard  and  Soft  Porcelain. 

From  1753  to  1768,  only  i\\Q pate  tendre,  or  soft  porcelain, 
was  made;  but,  from  that  time,  both  the  soft  and  the  hard 
vrere  made.  About  1804,  the  production  of  the  soft  porce- 
lain ceased,  M.  Brongniart,  the  director  of  the  works,  decid- 
ing to  give  his  attention  wholly  to  the  hard, — the  pate  dure. 
But  the  use  of  the  soft  paste  was  resumed  in  1847  by  M. 
Ebelman,  he  taking  some  of  the  old  paste,  which  had  rested 
undisturbed  in  covered  tanks  for  forty-five  years.  The  pecu- 
liarities of  these  two  varieties  of  porcelain  are  described  by 
M.  Arnoux  in  his  report  on  the  pottery  and  porcelain  at  the 
Paris  Exhibition  of  1867,  as  follows  : — 

“ France  furnishes  the  largest  amount  of  hard  porcelain,  and  it  is 
there,  also,  that  it  is  best  manufactured.  France  is  highl}^  favored 
for  its  production  from  the  quarries  of  kaolin  which  abound  in  the 
centre  and  south.  This  material  suffices,  without  any  addition,,  to 
constitute  the  body  ; it  is  white,  easy  to  work,  and  takes,  in  firing,  a 
fine  transparenc}".  The  glaze,  which  is  fired  at  the  same  time  as 
the  paste,  is  also  entirely  composed  from  felspathic  rocks,  and 
vitrifies  on  the  surface  by  the  sole  intensity  of  the  heat  required  in 
the  firing.  Such  a product  presents,  after  cooling,  great  consistency, 
and  the  hardness  of  this  glaze  will  defy  the  best  tempered  steel  in- 
struments. But  defects  arise  from  the  very  excess  of  these  qualities. 
This  hardness  leaves  little  resource  for  decoration  ; the  fine  colors 
for  grounds  are  banished,  and  the  painting,  unincorporated  into  the 
glaze,  lies  upon  the  surface  and  looks  hard  and  unfinished.  This  is 
so  thoroughly  acknowledged  that  the  Paris  decorators  now  often 
prefer  to  paint  upon  French  cream-color  ware  instead  of  porcelain. 

“ The  manufacture  of  soft  porcelain  has  alwa3’s  been  limited,  for 
it  is  the  most  difficult  of  all  potteiy.  Its  inventors,  persuaded  that 
Chinese  porcelain  was  a kind  of  glass,  persisted  in  com[)osiug  a 
paste  of  the  same  ingredients.  Sand,  lime,  and  some  alkaline  ma- 
terials wer.e  therefore  vitrified  in  the  proportion  consideretl  desirable 
to  give  a white  half-translucent  substance.  But,  as  after  being 
ground  it  had  not  the  least  plasticity',  and  could  not  be  worked, 
they  added  as  small  a quantity  as  possible  of  the  calcareous  earth 
found  in  the  plaster-quarries  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ihiris,  so  as  not 
to  injure  the  whiteness  or  transparency.  We  cannot  describe  here 


44 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


all  the  difficulties  that  the  manipulation  of  such  .a  mixture  presented. 
It  could  neither  be  thrown  nor  pressed  into  moulds  in  the  ordinaiy 
wa}’ ; and  the  shapes  were  got  by  casting  it  in  thick  plaster  moulds, 
and  carefull}"  turning  and  pushing  it  by  hand  afterwards.  More- 
over, as  in  the  process  of  tiring  this  porcelain,  so  properl}^  called 
pate  tenclre^  the  pieces  were  veiy  apt  to  sink  and  lose  their  shape, 
the  wa}^  of  propping  them  was  of  the  utmost  importance  ; but  when 
the  biscuit  stage  was  safeh^  attained,  the  rest  was  comparatively 
eas}\  From  its  composition,  this  biscuit  had  the  greatest  affinity 
for  combination  with  the  vitreous  mixture  forming  the  glaze,  and 
the  result  was  that  this  glaze,  not  being  hardened  by  the  biscuit  on 
which  itdiad  been  melted,  retained  all  its  softness  and  so  thoroughly 
incorporated  the  colors  of  the  painting  that,  after  tiring,  they  looked 
sunk  into  it.  An  equal  advantage  was,  that  the  alkaline  nature  of 
the  biscuit  and  the  low  temperature  required  enabled  those  soft  and 
beautiful  ground-colors  to  be  used  which  are  not  to  be  met  with 
on  au}^  other  pottery  : the  green,  made  from  copper  of  an  unequalled 
transparency  ; the  turquoise,  so  attractive  to  the  e^^e  that  a single  piece 
placed  in  a room  seemed  to  take  all  the  light  to  itself ; the  bleu-de- 
roi,  so  well  named  from  its  richness  ; and  that  warm,  delicate  color, 
the  rose  du  Barry.  We  purposel}"  mentioned  the  low  heat  required 
to  incorporate  the  colors  with  the  glaze,  because  the  experienced 
potter  knows  their  richness  decreases  vrith  the  rise  of  temperature, 
and  this  is  the  reason  wly,  for  grounds  in  hard  porcelain,  hardly 
more  than  two  colors  can  be  depended  on, — the  blue  from  cobalt, 
and  the  opaque,  hea\y-looking  green,  from  chrome.” 

A large  number  of  vases  in  hard  porcelain,  of  Sevres  man- 
ufacture, were  exhibited  in  1867,  and  M.  Arnoux  said  of 
them  that  the  forms  recently  adopted  were  less  beautiful  than 
in  1851  and  1855,  when  Alessrs.  Dieterle  and  Klagrnann  gave 
their  assistance  to  the  establishment.  Among  the  best  were 
a large  vase  from  Dieterle,  the  figures  painted  by  M.  Roussel, 
with  the  decorations  by  M.  Avise,  and  all  those  executed  by 
M.  Barry  at. 


Sevkes  pate-sue-pate. 

And  of  that  variety  of  hard  porcelain  known  as  jpdte-sur- 
pdte  (paste  upon  paste)  to  which  great  attention  has  been 
given  at  Sevres,  Mr.  Arnoux  observes  : 

” The  name  of  pdte-sur-j)dte  explains  sufficiently  the  proc- 
ess, which  consists  in  staining  the  body  of  the  hard  porce- 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


45 


lain  ill  celadon,  or  other  color,  by  the  addition  of  a colored 
mixture,  of  which  oxide  of  chrome  is  generally  the  chief 
ingredient;  and  then,  when  the  piece  is  still  in  the  clay 
state,  to  paint  or  rather  model  upon  it  with  a brush,  using 
white  porcelain  body  as  the  pigment,  and  taking  advantage 
of  the  transparency  it  will  acquire  when  fired  to  produce  an 
effect  similar  to  that  obtained  in  the  Limoges  enamels,  by 
working  the  semi-transparent  enamel  on  a black  ground. 
Consequently  the  artist  will  increase  the  thickness  of  the 
white  clay  for  the  high  lights,  and  decrease  it  where  the 
color  of  the  ground  is  to  be  seen  through.  Much  experience 
is  required  to  calculate  the  effect,  the  white  clay  before  firing 
being  equally  opaque  in  the  thin  as  in  the  thick  parts.  Of 
course  any  mistake  is  irremediable,  as  it  can  only  be  seen 
after  the  piece  is  fired.  It  was  from  studying  the  Chinese 
celadon  that  Mr.  Ebelman  started  this  kind  of  porcelain. ' 
The  colors  used  on  account  of  the  high  degree  of  tempera- 
ture are  extremely  limited.”  To  chrome,  as  a foundation 
color,  must  be  added  cobalt,  nickel  and  uranium,  which  are 
also  used  to  stain  the  clays  when  some’  other  tint  is  wanted 
in  addition  to  the  white. 

During  the  late  Franco-German  war,  the  Messrs.  Minton, 
of  England,  secured  the  service  of  M.  Solon,  the  artist  by 
whom  a great  success  in  the  pdte-sur-pdte  process  had  been 
achieved ; and  we  now  find  the  results  in  the  beautiful  speci- 
mens displayed  by  the  firm  at  Vienna.  Vide  p.  235. 

Keference  has  been  made  to  the  impossibility  of  moulding 
or  working  the  soft  paste  porcelain  by  throwing,  in  the  ordi- 
nary way,  owing  to  its  want  of  plasticity. 

• 

Casting  Porcelain  Body. 

Since  the  year  1850,  the  method  of  casting,  rather  than 
of  moulding  objects,  has  been  in  .use.  The  paste  being 
made  thin,  so  as  to  flow  like  water,  is  poured  into  the 
plaster  moulds,  which  absorb  a part  of  the  water  and  cause 
a thin  film  of  the  paste,  or  body,  to  adhere  to  the  sides. 
The  excess  is  decanted.  This  gave  lightness  and  perfec- 
tion of  form  to  the  objects,  such  as  cups  and  small  vases, 
but  the  process  did  not  succeed  with  large  objects,  inasmuch 
as  in  the  decantation  the  paste,  adhering  to  the  upper  part. 


46 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


became  deformed  by  its  weight,  drawing  it  away  from  the 
sides  of  the  mould.  To  overcome  this  difficulty  the  large 
moulds  were  encased  in  an  air-tight  jacket  of  sheet  iron, 
within  which  the  air  was  exhausted  previous  to  the  decanta- 
tion, thereby  causing  the  deposited  film  to  adhere  firmly  to 
the  sides  of  the  porous  plaster.  This  improvement  Avas 
cited  in  1867,  by  M.  Dommartin,  as  one  of  the  advances 
made  in  the  art  of  manufiicturing  hard  porcelain.^  A large 
vase  made  in  this  manner  Avas  exhibited  at  Paris  in  1867. 

Extent  of  the  Industky  in  France. 

The  following  data  regarding  the  pottery  and  porcelain 
industry  of  France  are  drawn  from  the  report  by  Messrs. 
Salvetat  and  Dommartin  in  1867.  Clay,  for  pottery  pur- 
poses, is  found  in  almost  every  part  of  France.  The  best 
china  clays  are  found  at  St.  Yrieix,  near  Limoges*;  but  the 
kaolins  of  the  Pyrenees,  the  Cher  and  the  Allier  are  largely 
used.  The  manufacture  of  porcelain  is  carried  on  in  three 
districts.  1.  Limousin,  Avhich  comprises  Haute  Yiepne  and 
the  Creuse.  At  Limoges,  in  this  district,  there  Avere  more 
than  thirty  Avhite  china  Avorks.  2.  Berry,  including  the 
Avorks  of  Cher,  Allier,  Nievre  and  Indre.  These  works  pro- 
duce chiefly  Avhite  china  and  articles  of  common  use.  3.  Paris 
and  its  environs  and  Champagne.  The  productions  of  Paris 
are  varied.  The  fancy  articles  knoAvn  as  Articles  de  Paris, 
such  as  flowers,  cups,  baskets,  etc.,  are  made  by  several 
small  makers.  Others  produce  biscuit- Avare,  or  articles  for 
mounting  in  ormolu,  bronze  or  carved  wood,  such  as  lamps 
and  cazzas.  Many  persons  receive  Avhite  porcelain  from  the 
trade,  and  decorate  it  according  to  the  demand  of  the  day. 
Although  not  confined  to  Paris,  it  may  be  regarded  as  essen- 
tially Parisian. 

Earthenware  is  made-  in  Paris,  at  Beauvais,  and  in  some 
parts  of  Normandy.  Fine  faience  is  made  chiefly  at  Creil, 
Montereau,  Sarreguemines,  Choisy  le  Roi,  Gien  and  Bor- 
deaux. Artistic  faience  has  its  centre  in  Paris  and  its  envi- 
rons. In  1867,  Messrs.  Salvetat  and  Dommartin  pointed  out 
that  in  the  manufacture  of  faience,  steam  poAver  tended  to 


* Rapports  du  Jury  Internationale,  iii.  171. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


47 


replace  hand  labor ; and  the  introduction  of  English  methods 
had  Iransformed  the  manufacture.  Also  that,  as  resfards 
porcelain,  the  softening  caused  by  the  high  temperature 
required  for  the  baking,  deforms  pieces  made  in  any  other 
Avay  than  b}^  hand ; and  that  up  to  that  time  no  mechanical 
assistance  had  been  found  available ; but  there  was  good 
reason  to  hope  that  in  the  shaping  and  preparation  of  the 
material,  mechanical  art  might  eventually  lend  its  aid. 

Worknfeu  were  paid  by  the  piece.  No  less  than  1,362 
men  and  458  women  were  employed  in  decoration  of  china 
alone,  in  Paris,  in  1867.  The  greater  number  of  the  pot- 
teries have  agencies,  or  depots,  at  Paris,  or  send  their  ware 
there  for  sale.  Paris  is  the  great  centre  of  the  trade,  and 
Limoges  is  next  in  importance.  From  this  last  named  place, 
ware  is  sent  to  all  parts  of  the  empire,  by  the  aid  of  trav- 
ellers and  agents.  The  annual  value  of  the  product  of  tine 
fiiience  was  estimated,  in  1867,  at  10,000,000  francs,  and  of 
porcelain  at  20,000,000  francs. 

French  , Stone-China. 

At  the  Paris  Exposition,  in  1867,  the  various  brands  of 
stone-china  ware  were  carefullj^  examined  by  ^I.  Aime 
Girard,  with  reference  to  their  hardness,  porosity,  and  price. 
To  ascertain  the  hardness  of  the  glaze  upon  a plate,  for  ex- 
ample, he  used  a small  platform  of  wood,  sustained  upon 
three  points  resting  upon  the  plate,  one  of  them  being  tipped 
with  a diamond.  This  platform  was  then  drawn  back  and 
forth  over  the  surhice,  and  the  weight  required  to  be  added 
to  the  platform  to  produce  a scratch  was  the  measure  of  the 
hardness.  He  found  that  a pressure  of  more  than  one  kilo- 
gramme was  required  to  make  as  much  of  an  impression  upon 
hard  porcelain  as  one  hundred  and  twenty  grammes  would 
give  on  lead-glazed  stone  ware.  His  results  are  given  in  the 
folio  wins:  table.* 


* From  Rapports  du  Jury  International,  III.,  p.  136. 


48 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Comparison  of  the  principal  kinds  of  fine  qucdity  Faience^  as  shown 
at  the  Exhibition  in  Paris,  in  1867',  as  regards  their  qucdity  and 
price. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  FAIENCE. 

Hardness 

Grain. 

Price. 

Price. 

1.  Superior  Quality. 

• 

Sarreguemiiies  China,  France, . 

0^.625 

8.25 

Francs. 

2.0 

Francs. 

3.10 

Minton  & Company’s  white  glaze,  . 

0^.530 

12  35 

2.95 

3.25 

Korstrancl,  Sweden,  . 

0k.440 

9.43 

- 

3.00 

Giistafberg,  Sweden,  .... 

0^.480 

11.24 

2.20 

- 

2.  Second  Quality. 

Choisy-le-Roi,  “ Granite  China”  (France) , 

0^.420 

11.23 

1.95 

3.15 

Stoneware  of  Villerry  and  Boch  (Prussia), 

0^.415 

13.14 

2.20 

3.80 

Stone-China  of  Finder  Bourne  (England), 

Ok.485 

10.00 

2.75 

2.95 

3.  Ordinary  Ware. 

Opaque  of  Sarreguimines,  France,  . 

Ok  620 

13.25 

1.50 

- 

Opaque  porcelain  of  Gien,  France, . 

Ok.375 

14.50 

1.55 

260 

Cream  colored  ware,  Minton  & Co.,  Eng., 

0k.400 

8.20 

1.58 

-■ 

Opaque  porcelain  of  Creil,  France,  . 

0K505 

10.14 

1.55 

- 

Opaque  porcelain  of  Montereau,  France, 

0k.450 

15.40 

1.55 

2.50 

Half-porcelain  of  Choisy-le-Boi,  France, 

0k.390 

11.31 

1.55 

2.25 

Cream  colored  ware,  Copeland  & Co., Eng., 

0k.340 

8.64 

2.60 

3.15 

Cream  colored  ware,  Wedgwood,  Eng., . 

0k.320 

8.57 

2.10 

2.95 

POKCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


49 


The  column  representing  the  hardness  shows  the  weight 
required  to  produce  a scratch  with  the  point  of  a diamond. 
The  " grain  ” or  degree  of  porosity  is  expressed  by  the  weight 
of  water  which  was  absorbed  by  one  hundred  grammes  of  the 
ware.  The  prices  were  furnished  by  the  manufacturers  or 
their  agents ; and  in  the  first  column  are  for  a dozen  white 
plates,  eight  inches  in  diameter  (twenty- one  centimetres)  ; in 
the  second  column  for  the  same  number  and  size  of  decorated 
plates.  The  three  divisions  or  qualities  are  based  upon  the 
degree  of  whiteness ; the  third  all  having  more  or  less  of  a 
yellowish  tinge. 

PRUSSIA. 

Eoyal  Prussian  Porcelain  Factory,  Berlin. 

This  famous  establishment,  which  has  been  notably  repre- 
sented at  all  of  the  great  exhibitions,*  sustained  its  reputa- 
tion at  Yienna,  by  its  display  of  vases  and  ornamental  porce- 
lains of  various  kinds,  plastic  work  in  biscuit,  services,  and 
in  decorative  figures,  etc.  Plain  white  porcelain  is  also 
made. 

The  works  were  established  in  1763,  and  are  sustained 
chiefly  for  the  promotion  of  the  industry,  technically  and 
artistically.  In  the  year  1871,  the  production  amounted  to 
500,000  pieces,  worth  160,000  thalers,  from  raw  materials 
costing  11,050  thalers.  The  greater  part  of  the  product  is 
for*  home  consumption.  Three  hundred  and  three  workmen 
are  employed  and  two  steam-engines  of  40  horse-power. 

The  Koyal  Saxon  Porcelain  Works,  producing  what 
is  known  as  Dresden  porcelain,  are  established  at  Meissen,  a 
few  miles  above  Dresden.  The  establishment  was  founded 
by  Augustus  IT.,  the  Elector  of  Saxony.  Tschirnhaus  and 
Bottcher,  two  alchemists  in  his  service,  commenced  to  nrake 
experiments  about  1706  ; and  the  credit  of  making  tlie  hard 
porcelain  for  the  first  time  in  Europe  is  accorded  to  Bottcher. 
He  made  a red  or  jaspar-like  ware,  which  could  be  cut  and 
polished  by  the  lapidary,  and  a glazed,  lu’ownish  red  ware. 

* Gold  Medal  at  Paris,  1855;  at  Paris,  1867,  Hors  da  Concours. 

7 


50 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


He  discovered  the  method  of  making  white  porcelain  in  1709, 
and  he  was  appointed  Director  of  the  Meissen  works  in  1710. 
Five  years  later,  white  porcelain  of  excellent  quality  was 
commonly  made,  and  in  1720,  under  the  direction  of  Horoldt, 
excellent  paintings  with  gilding  w’-ere  produced.  Groups 
and  figures  were  modelled  in  1731,  and,  in  the  succeeding 
twenty-tive  years,  the  productions  attained  their  greatest 
perfection.  The  varied  productions  of  the  establishment 
at  the  present  time  were  conspicuously  displayed  upon 
the  crimson-covered  canopied  stand  in  the  main  transept, 
adjoining  the  rotunda.  They  consisted  chiefly  of  the  finer 
sorts  of  vases  and  decorated  ware,,  and  fully  sustained 
the  high  reputation  of  the  works.  The  productions,  how- 
ever, include  ordinary  dinner-services  and  ware  for  domestic 
use,  much  of  it  decorated  in  cobalt  blue,  and  artificial 
ultra-marine ; colored  enamels,  and  other  materials  for  the 
production  of  porcelain.  About  600  workmen  are  employed, 
and  the  value  of  the  product  annually  is  about  400,000  tha- 
lers (in  1871,  370,000  thalers) . The  market  is  chiefly  abroad. 
For  the  blue  decorated  dinnet-services  there  is  a great  de- 
mand, so  that  the  works  are  two  years  in  arrears  of  the 
orders. 

C.  Tielsch  & Co.,  Altwasser,  Sclilesien^  manufacturers  of 
porcelain^  stone-china^  and  fire-hrick. — The  consumption  of 
raw  materials  by  this  establishment  amounted  to  324,483 
thalers  in  value,  and  the  production  to  20,000,000  pieces, 
worth  750,000  thalers,  the  greater  portion  of  which  was  for 
home  consumption.  Forty-five  officers  and  foreman,  and 
about  1,700  workmen,  ill  two  establishments  ; seven  steam- 
engines,  with  an  aggregate  of  158  horse-power.  Founded  in 
1845.  Progress  Aledal  awarded. 

Gael  Kristee,  Waldenhurg ^ SchJesien,  exhibited  table- 
services,  clocks,  vases,  etc.  There  are  two  establishments, 
founded  in  1831,  manufacturing  not  only  porcelain  articles, 
but  bricks,  fire-bricks,  and  tiles.  They  make  a specialty  of 
table  and  coffee  services.  The  consumption  of  raw  materials, 
in  1871,  amounted  to  220,000  centners,  and  the  production 
to  639,000  thalers  worth,  mostly  for  home  consumption. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


51 


Thirty-two  officers  and  overseers,  1,475  workmen;  G steam- 
engines,  with  126  horse-power.  Merit  Medal  awarded. 

C.  Heckmann  & Eappsilber,  Konigszelt^  Schlesien,  ex- 
hibited toilet-services,  table-services,  mosaics,  etc.  Estab- 
lished in  1864.  Make  a specialty  of  table,  coffee,  and  toilet 
services.  Value  of  the  productions  in  1872,  270,000  tha- 
lers; sold  in  Germany.  Four  hundred  workmen,  2 steam- 
engines,  32  horse-power.  Diploma  of  Honor  awarded. 

Waechtersbacher  Steingutfabrik,  Schlierhach,  Hes- 
sen-N'assau. — Coffee  and  tea  services.  Established  in  1834. 
Two  hundred  and  twenty-eight  workmen,  1 steam-engine, 
5 water-wheels. 

ViLLEROY  & Boch,  Mettlocli,  Wallerfangen,  Sepffontaines 
and  Dresden,  This  establishment,  well  known  from  its  pro- 
ductions and  as  the  largest  in  existence,  probably,  for  the 
production  of  fine  faience,  made  an  attractive  display  of  its 
products  in  the  rotunda.  This  display  comprised  dinner  and 
dessert,  coffee  and  tea  services,  toilet  ware,  vases  and  orna- 
mental objects  in  faience  and  in  terra-cotta,  of  superior 
quality  and  decoration.  The  terra-cotta  plates,  platters  and 
tablets,  were  ornamented  by  incised  designs,  filled  in  with  the 
same  material  as  the  base  or  groundwork,  but  of  a darker 
color,  as  encaustic  tiles  are  made.  This,  and  the  manu- 
facture of  tiles  by  pressure  from  pulverized  materials,  con- 
stitute specialties  of  the  establishment. 

The  productions  amount  in  value  to  1,000,000  of  thalers 
annually.  In  1871,  the  total  value  was  1,170,000  thalers. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  Germany  is  supplied  with  faience  from 
this  establishment,  and  at  such  low  prices  that  foreign  man- 
ufactures cannot  profitably  compete  for  the  trade. 

The  works  were  started  at  Wallcrfangen  in  1789;  at 
Mettlacli  in  1810;  at  Septfontainc  in  1767;  and  the  tile 
works  in  1868.  There  are  1,848  workmen,  36  ofliccrs,  7 
steam-engines,  217  horse-power.  IMedals  were  awarded  at 
London  in  1851,  and  at  Paris  in  1855  and  1867.  Tlu' Jury 
awarded  the  Merit  Medal. 


52 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  firm  also  have  four  establishments  at  Dresden  for  the 
manufacture  of  stoneware,  especially  stove  tiles,  stoves  and 
paving  blocks.  They  made  about  320,000  thalers’  worth  of 
ware  in  1871.  Six  hundred  and  ten  workmen,  19  officers, 
3 steam-engines,  145  horse-power. 

Maciieleidt,  Tpiebner  & Co.,  Volkstedt  hei  Hudol- 
stadt  Schivarzhurg-Itudolstadt.  Exhibited  porcelain  figures, 
groups  and  medallions.  ^The  establishment,  wdiich  was 
founded  in  17G0,  makes  a specialty  of  medallions  for  wall 
decoration.  In  1871,  the  works  used  6,100  centners  of  raw 
materials,  worth  3,300  thalers.  Half  of  the  product  is 
exported.  Four  hundred  and  twenty-eight  workmen,  one 
Avater- wheel.  Diploma  awarded. 

Actien  Gesellsciiaet  EUR  Telegraphen-Bedare,  Ber- 
lin. Manufacture  and  exhibited  telegraph  materials  of  por- 
celain, gas  reforts,  etc.  Merit  Medal. 

Thallmaier,  Fr.  X.,  Milnchen.  Establishment  founded 
in  1849.  Exhibited  services,  dishes,  vases,  etc.,  beautifully 
decorated.  Special  mention  should  be  made  of  a service 
with  chrome-green  groundwork,  ornamented  Avith  arabesques 
and  flowers,  and  of  the  artistic  cabinet  of  porcelain  paint- 
ings ; original  copies  after  modern  masters.  Merit  Medal. 

Dressel,  Kister  & Co.,  Scheibe,  Scliivarzburg-liudolstadt. 
Groups,  statuettes,  busts  and  porcelain  figures.  The.  market 
for  these  productions  is  about  half  at  home  and  half  abroad. 
Nearly  610  Avorkmen  are  employed.  Six  water-Avheels,  24 
horse-poAver.  Merit  Medal. 

Also  at  Passau,  Bavaria,  established  in  1853,  for  the  manu- 
facture of  porcelain  figures,  fancy  articles,  and  stone-china 
Avare.  This  establishment  makes  a specialty  of  crucifixes, 
basins  for  consecrated  Avater,  etc.  Consumed,  in  1871, 
between  50,000  and  60,000  florins’  Avorth  of  porcelain  earth. 
Two  hundred  and  sixty  workmen,  five  vvater-Avheels. 

Thewaldt,  J.  PIotir,  Nassau.  StoneAvare  and  porcelain 
for  chemical  laboratories  and  culinary  purposes.  Established 


POKCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


53 


in  1792.  Consumed,  in  1871,  2,100  thalers’  worth  of  raw 
materials.  Market  in  Germany.  Twenty-three,  workmen, 

1 steam-engine  of  12  horse-power.  Diploma  awarded. 

WTngender  Brothers,  Hdln\  Hessen-j^assau.  Exhib- 
ited clay  pipes,  cigar-holders,  etc.,  of  which  they  make 
some  5,000,000  pieces  of  all  kinds  annually,  valued  at 

18.000  thalers.  A market  for  one-half  of  their  produc- 
tion is  found  in  Germany,  the  balance  is  exported.  They 
employ  68  workmen.  Works  established  in  1798. 

ScHLESiscHE  Thonwaarenfabrik,  Tsckauscliivitz  JVeisse, 
ScJiIesien.  Stoves,  majolica  building  ornaments,  refractory 
ware,  etc.  A specialty  is  made  of  majolica  building  orna- 
ments. The  chief  market  for  the  products  is  found  in  Ger- 
many. There  are  204  workmen,  1 steam-engine  of  24 
horse-power.  Value  of  products  in  1871,  90,000  thalers, 
out  of  clay  worth  8,500  thalers. 

H.  J.  Nygen  & Co.,  Duisburg^  Hhenisli  Provinces.  An 
interesting  series  of  refractory  blocks,  shaped  carefully  for 
the  various  parts  of  high  furnaces,  cast-steel  furnaces,  rever- 
beratory furnaces,  etc.,  was  exhibited  by  this  firm,  as  also 
gas-retorts,  crucibles,  etc.  The  productions,  in  1871, 
amounted  in  weight  to  360,000  centners,  and  in  value  to 

200.000  thalers.  Two  hundred  and  sixty-six  workmen 
employed.  The  greater  portion  of  the  product  is  used  in 
Germany.  Progress  Medal. 

.Magdeburger  Bau-und  Credit  Bank,  Ex- 

hibited clay  goods,  glazed  and  painted  stove  tiles,  stoves, 
glazed  terra-cotta  ware,  building  and  paving  bricks,  tire- 
stones,  etc.  In  1871,  they  produced*  85,000  thalers’  worth 
of  goods,  using  30,000  centners  of  clay,  216  workmen,  4 
steam-engines  of  19  horse-i)ower,  14  ordinary  burning  ovens, 
1 Mendheim’s  gas  ring-oven  with  18  chambers,  and  1 Ilolf- 
mann’s  riim-oven  with  16  chambers. 

O 


54 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


RUSSIA. 

Imperial  Porcelain  Manufactory.  This  iyiperiM  estab- 
lislimeiit,  foimdecl  in  the  year  1744,  and  located  near  St. 
Petersburg,  exhibited  products  comparable  with  the  finest  of 
Sevres,  Meissen  or  Berlin,  consisting  of  vases,  services,  plat- 
ters, jardinieres,  bonqiiet-holders,  biscnit-fignres,  etc.  They 
were  all  remarkable  for  perfection  in  form,  color  and  exqui- 
site painting,  but  a few  of  the  most  striking  objects  will  be 
mentioned.  In  biscuit,  nothing  could  be  finer  than  the  large 
bouquet  of  flowers  and  leaves,  showing  a quality  of  paste 
unsurpassed  for  whiteness  and  working  capabilities.  Every 
petal  was  perfect,  and  almost  as  thin . as  in  nature.  Lace 
pattern  dishes  bore  equal  testimony  to  the  perfect  control  of 
the  form  of  the  paste  in  firing.  A tea-set,  antique  Chinese 
pattern,  decorated  with  flowers,  attracted  much  attention. 
Among  the  large  objects,  the  most  notable  were  the  porce- 
lain table-top,  three  feet  in  diameter,  snow-white  in  the 
centre,  with  a wreath  of  flowers  forming  the  border,  perfect 
in  drawing,  color  and  every  detail ; and  a magnificent  vase 
six  feet  high,  painted  with  twelv^e  cupids,  dancing,  holding  a 
string  of  ivy.  This  vase  was  valued  at  $2,500.' 

Tills  establishment  was  founded  in  1744.  It  employs  230 
workmen,  and  has  a steam-engine  of  12  horse-power.  It 
has  4 furnaces  and  6 mufiles.  The  annual  production  is 
valued  at  100,000  roubles. 

Pepine,  Prince  Nicholas,  Kiev^  exhibited  a beautiful  des- 
sert-service of  old  Sevres,  of  the  year  1765-1766  : color, 
turquoise  blue.  See  " Sevres.” 

Stepanoff,  Michel,  Varsiliero,  Bogorodsk  District,  ex- 
hibited refractory  tablets  and  bucks,  alembics,  gas-retorts, 
etc.  The  estaldishment  was  founded  in  1871 ; it  employs 
100  workmen,  14  horse-power  steam-engine,  and  the  produc- 
tion is  valued  at  200,000  roubles.  Diploma. 

There  was  also  in  the  Pussian  section  a fine  series  of 
earthenware,  domestic  utensils,  and  liquid  measures,  re- 
markable for  excellence  of  form  and  cheapness ; but  no  infor- 
mation concerning  them  could  be  obtained. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


55 


AUSTRIA. 

Imperial  Porcelain  Works,  Vienna. — The  manufacture 
of  porcelain  was  established  in  Vienna,  in  1717,  by  Blanquim\ 
In  1746,  the  works  were  purchased  by  the  Empress  Maria 
Theresa  for  45,000  florins,  and  Blanquier  was  made  director. 
In  1750,  forty  men  were  employed;  in  1761,  one  hundred 
and  forty;  in  1770,  two  hundred;  and  in  the  year  1780, 
three  hundred  and  twenty.  In  the  period  from  1760  to 
1790,  under  the  sculptor  Niedermayer,  the  production  of 
figures  and  groups  was  most,  developed.  More  attention  was 
then  given  to  decoration  of  the  ware  by  painting,  under  the 
direction  of  the  chemist  Leithner,  Avho  produced  the  beautiful 
blue  color  known  by  his  name,  the  reddish  brown,  and  the 
superb  gilding. 

The  first  artists  of  the  day  were  engaged  to  furnish 
sketches ; and  amongst  the  artists  we  find  the  names  of 
Watteau,  Sancret,  Boucher,  and  Angelica  Kauffmann.  In 
1827,  Director  Niederma3^er  died,  and  the  establishment 
gradually  declined  in  importance  until  1864,  when  the 
Keichsrath  refused  further  sums  for  its  maintenance  and 
stopped  operations.  The  models  were  destroyed,  and  the 
buildings  were  turned  into  an  imperial  cigar  factory. 

Private  porcelain  works,  zum  Eisgrilhl,  had  been  estab- 
lished in  1702,  and  this  firm  came  into  possession  of  most  of 
the  stock  on  hand  in  the  imperial  works,  and  has  since  con- 
tinued the  manufacture  on  a smaller  scale. 

Fischer,  Moritz  von,  Ilerend,  near  Weszprim,  Hungary. 
— This  famous  establishment  has  its  chief  depot  in  Vienna, 
and  made  a very  extensive  display  of  all  its  reproductions  of 
celebrated  manufactures  of  porcelain,  chiefly  of  old  Sevres, 
Meissen,  old  Chinese,  and  old  Japanese.  Here  could  be  seen 
counterparts  of  the  raised  flower-work  of  Saxony,  of  the  open 
perforated  basket-work  ware,  of  old  Vienna  porcelain,  and  of 
the  Italian  Capa  di  Monti.  These  imitations  are  much 
sought  for,  and  arc  the  l)asis  of  an  extensive  business. 
Most,  if  not  all,  are  distinctly  marked  with  the  maker’s  name 
and  place  of  manufacture,  so  that  no  deception  or  mistakes 
can  result.  Some  ordinary  Chinese  and  Japanese  ware  is 


56 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


tolerahly  well  imitated  ; but  there  is  a notable  failure  in  the 
attempts  at  the  finer  and  distinctive  peculiarities  of  the  best 
pieces  from  those  countries. 

Two  large  portraits  on  porcelain,  by  this  exhibitor,  merit 
special  mention  : one  of  Humboldt,  with  a porcelain  frame 
about  three  feet  by  two  feet,  and  another  of  Paul  Esterhazy, 
sixteen  inches  by  twelve.  Another  example  of  a portrait, 
with  a frame  of  porcelain,  and  all  in  one  piece,  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Japanese  section. 

A perforated  tea-set,  in  Chinese  style,  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  was  purchased  by  him.  A 
large  vase,  with  Chinese  decoration,  is  also  worthy  of  men- 
tion. The  jury  decreed  a Progress  Medal. 

Fischer,  Ignaz,  Biida-PestJi,  Hungary^  exhibited  speci- 
mens of  painting  on  porcelain,  to  which  the  jury  decreed  a 
Diploma  of  Honorable  Mention . 

Alois  Klammerth,  Znaim. — A collection  of  quaint  and 
cheap  pottery,  in  red,  black,  and  yellow  enamels,  and  mostly 
of  articles  for  common  domestic  use,  kitchen  utensils,  etc. 
The  forms  were  simple,  but  elegant,  and  the  quality  was  ex- 
cellent. They  are,  withal,  sold  at  a very  low  price.  Some 
of  the  ware,  is  decorated  by  turning  or  scraping  off  the  dark- 
colored  glaze  before  firing,  so  as  to  expose  the  light-colored 
body  below ; and  an  excellent  effect  is  produced.  Progress 
Medal. 

Franz  Schleiss,  Gemunden  am  Traunsee,  exhibited 
quaintly  colored  faience  and  majolica  blue,  white,  yellow, 
and  green  ; also,  kitchen  ware  and  drinking-mugs,  all  of  odd 
patterns  and  coloring.  Merit  Medal. 

Haas  & Czj^ek,  Schlaggenwald  and  Chodau^  near  Oarls- 
had,  in  Bohemia. — This  firm  made  a fine  display  of  choice 
porcelain  in  the  rotunda.  It  comprised  dinner  and  dessert 
services,  tea-sets  and  ornamental  vases,  etc.  Some  of  the 
tea-sets  were  exquisite  in  form  and  decoration.  Price,  124 
florins.  A superb  dinner-service,  for  twenty-four  persons, 
was  ticketed  1,560  florins.  The  exhibition  made  by  this  firm 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


57 


at  Paris,  in  1867,  received  the  silver  medal,  and  at  this  exhi- 
bition receives  the  Progress  Medal. 


Deuk,  Albin  W.,  Vienna^  exhibited  some  beautifully 
decorated  porcelain  and  imitations  of  French,  Meissen,  and 
Chinese  ware.  The  firm  exports  to  Russia  and  the  Orient 
alone,  over  10,000  cwts.  annually.  Merit  Medal. 

Erndt,  Bernard,  Vienna,  ix,  Pramergasse,  25. — Among 
the  many  attractive  displays  of  stove  tiles  from  Austria, 
Hungary  and  Bohemia,  the  exhibition  made  by  M.  Erndt 
stood  preeminent.  A description  of  the  various  patterns  and 
colors  would  fill  a small  volume ; but  no  adequate  idea  of  the 
tiles  can  be  conveyed  without  plates.  Most  of  them  are  in 
high  relief,  and  are  colored  rich  dark  brown  or  green,  or  are 
plain  white.  They  are  about  eight  inches  square  and  three 
to  six  inches  thick.  They  constitute  a specialty  in  ceramic 
manufactures,  difi*ering  greatly  from  paving  or  mural  tiles  or 
household  pottery.  The  use  of  such  tiles  is  enormous  in 
Austria  and  Germany,  nearly  all  the  apartments  being 
warmed  by  the  "porcelain”  stoves.  The  great  merit  of  this 
exhibit  was  recognized  by  a Progress  Medal. 

Gebruder  SciiUTZ.  Stiermark  and  in  Bohemia  ; Earthen- 
ware. A very  interesting  exhibition  of  quaintly  formed 
pitchers  and  jugs,  with  long  narrow  necks  and 
flattened  sides,  as  shown  in  the  annexed  outline, 
standing  about  sixteen  inches  high,  and  colored 
bright  blue,  vermilion  and  green.  Upon  the  same 
stand  there  were  plates  and  a coffee  service  of 
earthenware,  with  a rich  chocolate  brown  glaze, 
very  attractive  not  only  in  color  but  in  form,  and 
very  cheap,  the  whole  coffee  set  being  marked  at  only  four 
florins,  about  two  dollars.  The  jury  accorded  a Merit  Medal. 

Hardtmutii,  L.  & C.,  Pudiveis.  This  firm  made  an 
extensive  display  of  peculiar  styles  of  porcelain  and  faience, 
designed  especially  for  export  to  the  Orient,  with  which  it 
would  appear  there  is  an  extensive  trade  in  this  class  of 
ware,  the  chief  excellence  of  which  seems  to  be  its  con- 
8 


58 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


formity  in  shape  and  decoration  to  old-fashioned,  obsolete 
st3dcs.  Merit  Medal. 


SWEDEN. 

There  were  two  principal  exhibitors  of  porcelain  and  earth- 
enware in  the  Swedish  section,  both  showing,  the  possession 
of  excellent  materials  and  skill  in  the  manufacture.  Feld- 
spar, one  of  the  principal  materials  used  in  porcelain,  is 
obtained  abundantly  in  Sweden,  and  is  exported  in  quanti- 
ties to  England. 

EoiiSTRAND  Porcelain  M^orks,  Stockholm.  The  display 
from  this  establishment  was  very  interesting,  consisting  of 
porcelain  vases,  urns,  dinner-services,  plates,  cups  and 
saucers,  etc.  The  tea-cups  especially  were  well-formed  and 
decorated.  The  handles  were  delicately  formed  and  well 
attached.  Some  dark  blue  enamels  with  gilding,  and  a set 
in  black  enamel  with  raised  designs  in  white  gf  flowers  and 
grasses,  repaid  close  examination.  White  iron-stone  china, 
parian,  biscuit  and  majolica,  are  made  at  the  same  estab- 
lishment. 

These  \yorks  were  founded  in  the  year  1726,  and  they 
now  employ  over  500  persons  and  a steam-engine  of  70 
horse-power.  The  production  in  the  year  1872  was  valued 
at  -830,000  rix  dollars.  The  greater  portion  of  the  product 
is  sold  in  the  country  ; but  some  is  exported  to  Norway, 
Denmark,  Finland  and  Russia,  and  small  quantities  to  France 
and  England.  There  is*  in  connection  with  the  establish- 
ment a hospital  for  the  sick  and  infirm,  a school  for  the  chil- 
dren, a Sabbath  school  and  a'  library. 

Gustafberg  Works,  Stockholm.  (W.  Odelberg.)  This 
establishment  also  made  a fine  display  of  porcelain,  faience, 
parian  and  majolica  ware.  The  dinner-services  were  excel- 
lent in  form,  color  and  decoration.  Sets  of  cups  and  saucers, 
of  good  pattern  and  well  fired,  glazed  in  single  colors  all 
over,  except  the  interiors,  and  the  central  parts  of  the 
saucers  were  noted  as  worthy  of  mention.  The  colors, 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


59 


such  as  red,  purple,  blue  and  lavender,  were  very  even 
and  bright,  and  produced  a fine  effect. 

Some  very  good  specimens  of  majolica  were  shown  by 
this  and  by  the  Rorstrand  establishment,  characterized,  how- 
ever, by  the  apparent  abundance  of  oxide  of  copper,  for  a 
vivid  green  was  the  predominating  color  of  the  glaze. 

The  Gustafberg  works  were  established  in  the  year  1826, 
and  now  employ  about  400  persons  and  4 steam-engines, 
with  a total  of  91  horse-power.  Raw  materials  to  the  fol- 
lowing amounts  were  used  in  the  year  1871  : — 

40,500  cubic  feet  of  clay,  from  England  ; 

20.000  cubic  feet  of  "fire-stone,”  from  France; 

800.000  lbs.  of  feldspar,  from  the  neighborhood ; 

34.000  lbs.  of  bones,  from  Sweden ; 

24.000  lbs.  oxide  of  lead  ; 

22.000  lbs.  of  borax,  from  France  and  England  ; 

160.000  cubic  feet  of  stove  coal ; 

700  cubic  feet  of  wood. 

The  value  of  the  products  reaches  the  sum  of  702,000  rix 
dollars. 


PORTUGAL. 

Several  exhibitions  in  the  Portuguese  section  give  evi- 
dence of  the  growth  of  ceramic  industry  in  that  country. 
The  manufacture  of  porcelain  is  carried  on  at  Yisla  Alegre, 
Aveiro,  and  at'  Sacavem,  Lisbon.  It  has  long  been  estab- 
lished at  the  former  place,  and  the  products  are  held  in 
high  estimation.  Modern  improvements  have  been  intro- 
duced, and  a variety  of  artistic  and  ornamental  o])jects, 
such  as  vases,  statuettes,  etc.,  are  manufactured.  Pinto 
and  Tilho  exhibited  toilet  and  tea-sets,  apparently  modelled 
after  Pritish  patterns,  but  without  special  merit. 

There  was  consideralde  ordinary  pottery  and  mnjolica, 
rather  crude  in  form  and  coloring,  but  not  uninterest- 
ing; green  and  brown  coloring  predominated.  Some  red, 
unglazed  jugs,  from  the  manufactory  of  G.  Mafra,  deserve 


60 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


mention  for  the  peculiarity  of  their  form.  They  are  evi- 
dently a modified  form  of  alcarazza,  intended  to  hold  and 
cool  drinking  water,  by  suspending  them  in  a cool 
and  airy  place.  The  top  is  closed  over,  the  only 
opening  being  the  spont,  through  which  the  vessel 
is  filled  by  immersion.  A curved  handle  at  the 
top  is  convenient  for  carrying,  and  one  at  the  side 
for  tipping  it. 

In  the  year  1870,  the  importations  of  glass  and  ceramic 
products  were  valued  at  150,522,000  reis,  and  the  exporta- 
tions at  36,911,000  reis.  Of  faience,  in  the  same  year, 
132,688  kilogrammes,  valued  at  24,077,000  reis,  were 
imported  from  England. 


DENMAPvK. 


Koyal  Porcelain  Manufactory,  Copenhagen,  exhibited 
in  the  Rotunda  and  in  the  Danish  court  decorated  porcelain 
of  all  kinds,  especially  works  in  biscuit,  consisting  of  medal- 
lions, busts  and  bas-reliefs,  after  Thorwaldsen,  Bissen,  and 
others.  Thorwaldsen’s  ” Night  and  Morning,”  and  the  medal- 
lion portraits,  deserve  special  mention  for  their  excellence 
in  form  and  composition  of  the  paste,  and  their  pure  white- 
ness. The  works  also  make  a specialty  of  imitations  of  the 
old  Saxon  and  Danish  ware. 

The  list  of  premiums  received  at  former  great  exhibitions 
is  a long  one,  and  at  this  exhibition  the  works  fully  sustain 
their  reputation. 

The  fine  terra-cotta  ware  of  this  section,  consists  of  choice 
vases,  urns,  tazzas,  etc.,  in  imitation  of  the  old  Etruscan 
and  Greek  forms.  These  are  black  in  color  with  figures 
in  red,  and  the  reverse.  Others  are  decorated  with  sprigs 
of  ferns  and  flowers  on  the  plain  black  surface.  They  are 
exquisite  in  execution  and  color,  and  were  much  admired. 
All  this  ware  is  remarkably  perfect  in  form,  and  is  burned 
without  distortion.  The  prices  are  moderate. 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


61 


ITALY. 

Majolica. 

Although  specimens  of  majolica  ware,  as  usually  desig- 
nated, were  to  be  found  from  all  the  principal  countries,  it  is 
chiefly  to  the  Italian  and  Spanish  sections  that  we  should  look 
for  the  typical  specimens. 

The  name  majolica  is  believed  to  be  derived  from  Majorca, 
the  Spanish  island  from  which  it  is  supposed  the  first  speci- 
mens were  taken  or  exported  to  Italy.  The  island,  accord- 
ing to  Fabio  Ferrari,  was  called  Maiolica  by  ancient  Tuscan 
writers,  and  Dante  writes,  ” Tra  I’isola  di  Cipri  e Maiolica.” 
Pottery  was  made  there  by  the  Moors  from  an  early  period 
in  the  Middle  Ages,  and  it  became  famous.  There  is  a state- 
ment, considered  mythical  by  some,  that,  at  the  conquest 
of  the  Balearic  islands  by  the  Pisan  fleets,  in  1115,  part  of  the 
spoil  consisted  of  the  famous  Majorca  ware,  and  that  it  was 
used  for  the  decoration  of  the  towers  and  facades  of  the 
Pisan  churches.  The  term  majolica,  or  maiolica,  appears 
originally  to  have  been  restricted  to  the  lustred  wares, — 
those  in  which  there  was  a nacreous  chromatic  effect,  due  to 
the  partial  reduction  to  the  metallic  state  of  the  oxides  form- 
ing part  of  the  composition  of  the  glaze.  This  lustre,  though 
easily  produced  when  the  cause  is  known,  was  doubtless  one 
of  the  great  secrets  of  the  art  for  a time,  though  doubtless 
produced,  in  the  first  instance,  unintentionally  by  the  imper- 
fect combustion  of  the  fuel  in  the  kilns  giving  a smoky  atmos- 
phere containing  free  carbon,  or  carbonic  oxide  gas.  A 
coarser  Avare,  of  potter’s  earth,  covered  Avith  a AAdiite  slip, 
upon  Avhich  the  designs  Avere  painted,  and  glazed  Avith  lead, 
Avas  known  as  mezza-maiollca.  The  true  majolica  Avas  prob- 
ably tin-glazed,  though  it  does  not  appear  by  any  means  cer- 
tain that  this  constituted  the  distinction.  Towards  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  the  terms  seem  to  have  been  applied 
to  all  varieties  of  the  glazed  cartheiiAvare  of  Italy.  Mr.  Fort- 
num,  Avith  M.  Jacquernart,  M.  Darcel,  Mr.  J.  C.  Robinson, 
and  others,  think  that  the  Avord  majolica,  or  maiolica,  should 
be  again  restricted  to  the  histred  Avares,  althongh  in  Italy, 
and  elsewhere,  it  is  commonly  used  to  designate  all  varieties 


G2 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


of  enrtlienware,  excepting  ” terraglia,”  in  distinction  from 
porcelain.^ 

It  has  also  been  maintained,  that  although  Majorcan  wares 
were  known  in  Italy,  the  art  may  have  been  derived  from 
Persian  potters  reaching  the  eastern  ports  of  that  country. 
This  view  is  supported  by  the  fact,  that  the  style  of  decora- 
tion of  the  early  Italian  wares  is  more  Persian  than  Mo- 
resque, f Again,  it  is  suggested  that  after  the  conquest  of 
Majorca  and  of  the  province  of  Yalencia,  at  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  Moorish  potters  emigrated  to  Italy  and 
introduced  their  practice  of  the  art  with  the  tin  glaze  J and 
metallic  lustre. 

In  England  and  in  the  United  States  it  is  the  habit  to  desig- 
nate as  ” majolica  ” any  pottery  covered  with  a colored  glaze. 
The  term  should  be  restricted  to  ware  coated  with  opaque 
enamels.  The  ornamental  v/are,  especially  when  modelled 
after  natural  objects,  and  coated  with  transparent  glazes  of 
various  colors,  is  more  correctly  described  as  Palissy  ivare. 

Capo-di-Monti  Ware. 

Ginori,  The  Marquis  of:  qiorcelain  manufactory^  Doccia^ 
near  Florence.- — This  establishment,  founded  in  the  year 
1735,  now  produces  many  varieties  of  artistic  and  domestic 
porcelain  and  decorative  objects,  in  majolica  and  faience.  It 
is  celebrated  especially  for  its  reproductions  of  the  famous 
Capo-di-Monti  ware,  the  pieces  being  made  from  the  old 
moulds,  and  so  well  colored  as  scarcely  to  be  distinguished 
from  the  old  examples  preserved  in  collections.  The  pecu- 
liarity of  this  ware,  as  is  generally  known  to  connoisseurs, 
consists  in  the  decoration  of  the  surface  by  groups  of  male 
and  female  figures  in  relief,  covering  the  surface  on  cups  and 
saucers,  vases,  plaques,  boxes,  jugs,  etc.  Most  of  the  fig- 
ures are  in  a nude  or  semi-nude  condition,  and  are  tinted 
with  flesh  color,  and  are  surrounded  by  flowers  or  wreaths, 
of  which  pink  or  rose  color  is  the  prevailing  color.  Many  of 

* Fortmim’s  Maiolica  Hispano  Moresco,  Persian,  Damascus,  and  Rhodian  Wares, 
etc.,  page  xxxvii.  of  Introduction. 

t Jacqucmart,  cited  by  Fortnum,  ibid.,  p.  xxxix. 

+ With  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  tin  glaze,  usually  attributed  to  Luca  della 
Robbia,  see  infra,  Part  “Ceramic  Clays  and  Materials.” 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


63 


the  specimens  are  no  doubt  as  good,  or  better,  than  the  old. 
They  attracted  much  attention  and  command  a high  price. 
As  examples  of  skill  in  sculpture  or  modelling,  they  are  cer- 
tainly not  remarkable.  They  do  not  bear  comparison  with 
the  exquisite  relief  figures  of  Wedgwood’s  establishment. 
They  lack  sharpness  and  distinctness  of  outline,  and  have  a 
half-fired  look,  partially  blended  as  they  are  with  the  back- 
ground, evidently  forming  a part  of  the  body  of  the  ware,  all 
being  moulded  in  one  piece  and  of  the  same  material.  Con- 
siderable attention  has  also  been  given  at  this  establishment  to 
the  imitation  of  the  celebrated  productions  of  Urbino,  Castel 
Durante,  and  of  Gubbio. 

The  productions  have  been  conspicuous  at  most  of  the 
great  exhibitions,  and  have  received  many  medals,  notably  at 
Paris  in  1855,  London  in  1862,  Paris  in  1867.  The  proprie- 
tor was  also  honored  in  1867  by  appointment  to  membership 
of  the  Legion  of  Honor  of  France. 

Torquato  Castellani,  Home,  This  exhibitor  appears  to 
devote  his  energies  to  the  reproduction  of 
choice  examples  of  old  Italian  majolica  and 
decorated  pottery,  chiefly  bottles  and  urns. 

One  of  these,  with  massive  twisted  handles, 
is  represented  in  outline.  It  was  about  12 
inches  by  15  inches  high,  and  was  purchased 
by  the  St.  Petersburg  Museum  for  £7  15s. 

Monaco.  In  the  small  building  outside  the  Industry  Pal- 
ace, set  apart  for  the  products  of  this  State,  there  were 
many  specimens  of  decorated  faience,  in  the  old  Dresden 
style.  They  were  chiefly  vases  and  baskets  covered  with 
colored  flowers  in  relief. 

Incised  or  Sgraffiato  Ware.  This  name  is  api)licd  to 
a species  of  decoration  practised  in  Italy  by  the  potters  of 
the  Kenaissance  period,  or  towards  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  is  also  known  as  Perugia  ware,  hav- 
ing originated  'in  the  province  of  Perugia.  The  design  is 
scratched  out  of  a thin  layer  of  light  colored  clay  over  a 
darker  body  beneath.  The  object  is  then  glazed,  and  colors 


64 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


are  sometimes  added.  The  art  has  been  revived  by  the 
Messrs.  Minton  & Maw. 

It  suggests,  also,  the  style  of  decoration  so  effective  on 
the  stoneware  of  the  Donlton’s,  Lambeth,  British  section. 


INDIA. 

The  list  of  the  ceramic  contriimtions  from  India  tills  sev- 
eral pages  of  the  Descriptive  Catalogue,  but  consists  chiefly 
of  earthenware  and  glazed  tiles. 

Dr.  Leitner,  Lahore,  sends  a tea-ciip  of  Lhassa  porcelain, 
and  specimens  of  the  Lahore  porcelain,  the  last  attempt  at 
the  manufacture,  which  will  soon  die  out  unless  encouraged. 
Peerano,  of  Tatta  Sind,  forwarded  ninety-five  variously 
colored  specimens  of  domestic  pottery,  including  floor-tiles 
and  specimens  of  the  materials  and  implements  used  in  the 
manuhicture  and  glazing  of  pottery.  Similar  collections 
were  sent  by  other  persons  from  various  parts  of  India. 

For  a notice  of  the  tiles,  etc.,  see  Tiles. 


* JAPAN. 

Japan  entered  fully  into  the  spirit  of  the  great  Exhibition, 
and  made  the  most  systematic  and  comprehensive  display  of 
the  varied  industries  of  the  country  yet  seen  by  Europeans. 
The  ceramic  products  were  a salient  feature,  and  illustrated 
the  manufacture  of  porcelain  faience  and  terra-cotta  from 
many  of  the  provinces.  When  we  reflect  that  this  country, 
wdth  China,  is  the  birthplace  of  the  art  of  porcelain,  and 
consider  the  numerous  separate  establishments  for  its  pro- 
duction, its  general  use  among  the  people  and  the  extent 
of  the  manufacture,  not  only  for  native  use  but  to  please 
the  taste  and  meet  the  requirements  of  foreigners,  we  shrink 
from  attempting  a critical  review  of  the  industry,  or  even  a 
description  of  the  representative  examples  accumulated  at 
Vienna. 

The  fertility  of  the  people  in  design  and  modifications  of 
the  potter’s  art  surprises  every  one,  and  none  more  than 
those  who  have  in  vain  striven  to  exhaust  the  novelties  of 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


65 


the  manufacture  in  materials,  form  and  ornamentation. 
There  is  an  unceasing  variety,  and,  apparently,  no  end  of 
surprises  in  store  for  amateurs  and  collectors.  But  it  is  not 
ill  porcelain  alone  that  the  Japanese  potters  attain  excel- 
lence and  variety.  They  produce  faience  and  ware  resem- 
bling the  finer  sorts  of  terra-cotta,  plain  and  enamelled.  The 
exquisitely  decorated  faience  of  Satsuma  was  a surprise  to 
connoisseurs  at  Paris,  in  1867.  It  was  admired  in  London, 
at  the  Exhibition  in  1871,  and  appeared  in  still  greater 
variety  of  forms  and  decoration  at  Vienna.  The  potters 
seem  also  to  be  copying  European  ” masters,”  for  they  are 
making  this  ware  into  forms  to  suit  foreigners.  Certain  it 
is  that,  as  the  demand  for  any  one  of  these  varieties  of 
ware  increases  and  large  orders  have  to  be  filled,  the  care 
and  detailed  labor  diminishes,  and  we  lose  that  pains- 
taking'and  exquisite  finish  which  is  freely  bestowed  on  a 
few  select  objects.  Thus  it  is  that  older  specimens  of  ware 
are  generally  the  most  desirable.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
metal  work  and  the  ivory  carvings.  Quality  must  be  sacri- 
ficed to  quantity. 

The  Japanese  Commission,  however,  who  had  the  respon- 
sibility of  securing  a proper  representation,  made  judicious 
selections  and  placed  some  of  the  choicest,  as  well  as  the 
more  ordinary  objects,  before  the  jury. 

The  list  includes  vases,  white  and  blue,  in  red  color,  and 
in  the  deservedly  admired  celadon  green ; perforated  work, 
enamelling  in  relief,  egg-shell  ware,  monochromatic  and 
polychromatic  decoration,  decoration  with  flowers  and  fig- 
ures, and  with  laquer  and  gold.  There  were  not  only 
vases,  but  plates,  bowls,  sackie-bottles,  sackie-cups  and 
tea-pots  in  great  varietj’ ; tiles,  large  decorated  slabs,  a 
fire-place  and  mantel,  and  dinner,  breakfast  and  tea  serv- 
ices, after  European  patterns. 

The  Japanese  porcelain,  it  is  well  known,  is  the  lim'd,  or 
pate  dur  variety.  It  is,  in  general,  highly  vitreous,  com- 
pact and  hard,  but  is  tough  and  resists  heat  well. 

Amongst  the  many  porcelain-making  establishments  in 
Japan,  those  of  Sai-kio,  Inari,  Kutani,  Owari*  and  Awadji, 

* Owari  is  in  the  Second  District,  Tokaido,  and  Awadji  in  the  Scvcntli  District, 
Nankaido. 


9 


66 


EXPOSITION"  AT  VIENNA. 


are  held  in  the  highest  esteem.  Most  of  the  potteries  are 
small.  The  production  is  not  centered  in  extensive  works, 
and  this  accounts  for  the  diversity  of  patterns,  the  differ- 
ences of  paste,  of  glazing,  and  of  colors. 

A pair  of  large  vases,  of  modern  make,  attracted  attention. 
They  are  about  five  feet  high  and  twenty  iuches  in  diameter 
(l™-623  and  0“-495).  These  are  decorated  around  the  tops 
with  groups  of  peonies,  others  with  dragons  modelled  in 
low  relief  between  birds  and  flowers,  on  the  fiat  in  blue, 
under  the  glaze.  A flower-vase  also  commands  mention. 
Size  0“-484  in  diameter  at  the  top.  Blue  enamel,  orna- 
mented with  figures  of  peacocks  and  peonies.  One  of  the 
large  plates  represents  the  four  seasons  by  four  groups  of 
flowers.  The  outside  is  ornamented  with  butterflies  and 
arabesques.  Diameter,  0“*984. 

Miaco  Faience. 

A cheap  buff-colored  earthenware,  resembling  the  Satsuma, 
is  made  at  Miaco.  It  was  exhibited  at  Yienna,  and  is  now 
abundant  in  the  shops.  The  forms  are  various  and  quaint, 
particularly  where  the  taste  of  the  Japanese  is  left  free  to  as- 
sert itself.  Foreign  samples  of  tea-cups,  saucers,  and  plates 
have  been  supplied  to  them,  and  much  of  the  ware  we  receive 
is  made  after  these  patterns.  The  decoration  is  pleasing, 
consisting  generally  of  flowers,  grasses,  etc.,  mingled  Avith 
gilding ; but  it  is  generally  rude,  and  not  carefully  executed, 
in  comparison  with  the  best  Satsuma.  The  gilding,  instead 
of  being  in  compact,  distinct  points,  is  in  smooth,  diffused 
patches.  Some  of  the  ware  is  formed  in  imitation  of  sections 
of  bamboo,  with  great  fidelity  in  the  details.  Insects,  drawn 
and  colored  with  accuracy,  are  sometimes  substituted  for 
flowers  in  the  decoration.  A very  interesting  collection  of 
this  ware  has  been  imported  by  Mr.  Yantine,  in  New  York. 

CHINA. 

The  representation  from  this  country,  as  from  Japan,  is 
very  large,  and  includes  almost  every  variety  of  hard  porce- 
lain, in  the  purely  Chinese  styles,  and  much  that  has  been 


PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE. 


67 


made  iii  imitation  of  European  forms,  particularly  dinner  and 
tea  sets,  cotfee-cups,  etc.  The  vases  are  very  numerous, 
and  many  of  them  of  great  size  and  elaborate  decoration. 
Crackled  ware  and  specimens  of  pdte-sur-]jdte  are  not  want- 
ing, and  the  whole  is  made  the  more  interesting  by  a collec- 
tion of  old  porcelain,  bronzes  and  cloissonee  enamels,  sent  hy 
xirchdeacon  Gra}L 

Amongst  the  vases  we  find  several  of  the  beautiful  red 
color,  so  much  prized  in  China,  particularly  if  old,  as  indeed 
is  the  case  with  all  old  specimens,  whether  of  china,  bronze 
or  enamel.  Very  old  specimens  command  enormous  prices, 
and  are  frequently  counterfeited.  Among  other  objects  to  be 
noted  are  garden-seats,  in  celadon,  with  raised  ornaments  in 
white, — pdtesur-pdfe, — admirably  executed. 

One  great  seat  of  the  porcelain  manufacture  in  China  is  on 
the  Poyana  Lake,  the  outlet  for  the  goods  being  via  the  Yan- 
tse-Kiang. 

Most  of  the  ware  exported  to  Europe  and  America,  chiefly 
the  highly  decorated  dinner  and  tea  services,  is  from  Hong- 
Kong. 

According  to  Julien,  the  manufacture  of  porcelain  in  China 
was  commenced  in  the  country  of  Sinping,  Honan,  under  the 
Han  dynasty,  and,  therefore,  some  time  between  b.  c.  185 
and  A.  D.  87.  In  the  year  60,  porcelain  was  in  common  use. 
Marco  Polo  saw  the  process  of  manufacture  in  the  thirteenth 
century.* 

Specimens  of  Chinese  porcelain  had  reached  Europe  before 
the  Portuguese  doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  1497,  after 
which  it  became  more  abundant,  through  the  importations  by 
the  Portuguese  and  the  Dutch,  who  traded  in  it  largely. 

Cloissonee  Enamels. 

The  Chinese  section,  as  indeed  the  English,  French,  and 
Japanese  sections  of  the  Exhibition,  was  very  rich  in  displays 
of  this  peculiar  ware,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a connecting 
link  between  porcelain  and  bronze.  It  is  an  ancient  art  in 
China  and  Japan,  but  is  now  receiving  increased  attention 
there,  owing  to  the  foreign  demand,  and  pieces  of  great  size 


* Catalogue  Museum  Practical  Geology,  1871. 


G8 


EXPOSITION  AT  A'lENNA. 


and  beauty  are  produced.  In  this  art  the  design  is  first  marked 
out  upon  the  metallic  or  porcelain  surface  by  thin  strips  of 
brass,  bent  and  folded,  so  as  to  mark  all  the  details  of  an  intri- 
cate pattern.  These  are  fastened  to  the  surface  on  edge  by 
soldering,  and  the  cavities  or  doissons  thus  formed  are  filled  in 
with  fusible  enamels  of  different  colors.  The  piece  is  then 
baked,  the  enamels  fuse  into  the  cells,  and,  after  cooling,  the 
whole  surface  is  o^roimd  off  smooth,  brinmn^  the  enamels  and 
the  thin  brass  partings  to  a flush  finish.  Dark  blues  and 
greens,  with  a sprinkling  of  red  and  -white,  are  the  usual 
colors. 

Imitations  are  now  made  extensively  in  France  and  in  Eng- 
land. Some  of  these  productions  are  remarkable  for  their 
beauty  and  perfection  of  finish.  Special  mention  should  be 
made  of  specimens  shown  by  Barbedienne  and  by  Elkington. 

There  is  one  variety  of  cloissonee  enamel  on  porcelain 
which  is  rare,  only  a few  specimens  having  been  seen  in  the 
United  States.  Porcelain  body  is  substituted  for  metal,  and 
the  brass  partitions  seem  to  be  inserted  directly  in  the  porce- 
lain body.  A cup  in  the  writer’s  collection  is  so  enamelled 
over  the  whole  exterior,  while  the  interior  is  ordinary  white, 
translucent  porcelain. 

Some  of  the  choicest  specimens  of  Chinese  cloissonee  were 
obtained  at  the  sacking  of  the  summer  palace  of  the  emperor, 
and,  together  with  wonderfully  wrought  specimens  of  jade 
and  other  decorative  objects,  were  distributed  from  thence 
over  Europe. 


III.  Floob,  Wall,  and  Ornamen- 
tal Tiles. 

The  Exhibition  contained  a rich  assemblage  of  decorative 
tiles  of  several  countries,  notably  from  Great  Britain,  where 
the  art  has  attained  its  greatest  perfection.  Little,  in  fact, 
remains  to  be  desired  in  respect  of  excellence  of  materials, 
perfection  of  form,  and  beauty  of  design.  The  highest  skill 
of  the  potter  and  the  best  efforts  of  decorative  artists  are 
called  into  requisition  in  this  manufacture,  and  the  resources 
of  the  chemist’s  art,  applied  to  enamels,  are  taxed  to  their 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


69 


utmost  ill  the  production  of  the  most  brilliant  colors. 
Graphic  and  chromatic  decorations  in  ceramics  find  in  tliis 
field  their  legitimate  basis  of  application  and  their  greatest 
possible  expansion  in  the  future.  The  great  object  of  the 
tile  is  decoration ; and  the  flat  surface  in  the  wall  or  on  the 
floor  is  more  appropriately  the  basis  of  ornament  than  a plate 
or  dish  on  which,  when  in  use,  the  decoration  is  obscured. 
The  antiquity  of  the  art  of  decorating  with  tiles  is  well 
known,  and  the  perfection  which  it  attained  in  several  coun- 
tries is  shown  by  the  specimens  which  have  been  handed 
down  to  us  unchanged, — not  even  dimmed  by  age.  The 
tiles  of  India,  Persia,  Arabia,  and  Spain,  the  mosaics  of  the 
Eomans,  and  the  walls  of  the  Alhambra,  are  familiar  exam- 
ples. Glazed  decorated  tiles  were  used  in  Egypt,  and  among 
the  Assyrians  and  Babylonians.  They  were  introduced  in 
Spain  by  the  Saracens  and  Moors.  In  China  they  were  em- 
ployed in  remote  periods  for  both  exterior  and  interior  deco- 
ration. The  Exhibition  contained  specimens  of  antique  tiles 
from  India  and  from  the  mosques  of  Samarcand,  of  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries ; and  thus  a retrospective 
glance  of  the  art  and  its  application  in  this  place  is  fully 
justified. 

The  Indian  tiles  were  brought  by  Dr.  Leitner  from 
Lahore,  where  they  were  taken  from  old  monuments  ; but 
the  colors  are  as  vivid  as  they  ever  were.  The  art,  which 
was  connected  with  the  Mogul  architecture,  is  now  almost 
dead,  as  it  is  no  longer  sustained. 

Manufacture  of  Tiles  in  Great  Britain. 

The  manufacture  in  Great  Britain  dates  from  media? val 
times,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  the  Koman 
mosaics, — the  transition  from  tesseun  to  the  tiles,  with  im- 
pressed designs,  being  gradual, — the  difference  in  the  first 
place  ])eing  in  the  size  of  the  pieces  only.  Evidences  of  the 
2fradual  modification  of  the  size  have  been  found,  and  in 
Spain,  small  tiles,  intermediate  between  British  tiles  and  tes- 
sene,  are  now  in  use.  Kecent  excavations  at  Chichester 
have  brought  to  light  mosaic  pavements  and  Koman  tiles. 

It  is  highly  probable  that  the  convenier.ee  and  greater 
rapidity  of  laying  larger  tiles  led  to  their  adoption,  and  the 


70 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


requirements  of  the  details  of  design  led  to  the  quicker  and 
cheaper  method  of  stamping  the  hgures  upon  the  clay.  For 
a long  period  after  the  use  of  the  red  or  Samian  ware,  intro- 
duced by  the  Romans,  ceased,  tiles  appear  to  have  been  the 
only  branch  of  the  decorative  fictile  art  in  Britain.  They 
were  applied  chiefly  in  ecclesiastical  decoration,  about  the 
altars  and  choirs,  and  for  memorial  purposes.  The  excel- 
lence of  this  mediaeval  tile-work  is  regarded  as  having  stimu- 
lated and  led  the  way  to  improvement  in  decoration  of  house- 
hold pottery.  Some  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  the  art,  pre- 
served in  the  British  Musem,  are  from  ruined  churches  in 
Norfolk.  The  neighborhood  of  Great  Llalvern  appears  to 
have  been  one  of  the  chief  centres  of  production  in  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries,  and  few  churches  in 
Great  Britain  can  show  a greater  variety  of  ancient  tiling 
than  the  Priory  Church  of  Great  Malvern,  the  interior  of 
which  abounded  with  encaustic  tiles  in  the  floors  and  forming 
panels  in  the  walls. 

The  manufacture  in  Britain  has  been  assigned  to  two 
periods.  The  most  ancient  tiles  are  believed  to  have  been 
fabricated  between  the  years  1290  and  1380,  and  those  of  the 
second  period  during  the  prevalence  of  the  perpendicular 
style  in  building.  Numerous  kilns  have  been  unearthed  at 
Malvern  Hills,  and  it  is  believed  that  Tewkesbury  Abbey  and 
Worcester  and  Gloucester  Cathedrals  were  supplied  with  tiles 
from  these  kilns.  The  manufacture  is  supposed  to  have  been 
continued  in  Worcester  County  down  to  about  the  year  1G40, 
and  to  have  been  repressed,  if  not  stopped,  at  that  time 
through  the  influence  of  Puritanism.  In  that  vear  visitors 
were  appointed  to  visit  the  ecclesiastical  structures  of  the 
kingdom  and  destroy  all  ornaments  of  a " superstitious 
nature.”^  The  designs  upon  the  tiles  at  that  time  were 
largely  formed  of  sacred  symliols  and  inscriptions,  of  memo- 
rial letters  and  monograms,  and  of  heraldic  devices,  chiefly 
in  connection  with  tombs.  These  mediaeval  tiles  have  been 
classed  according  to  their  decorations,  as  follows  ^ : — 

1.  "Sacred  symbols;  inscriptions,  consisting  either  of 
verses  of  the  Scripture  or  pious  phrases. 

* Antiquarian  and  Arcliitcctural  Year  Book,  1844,  p.  128. 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


71 


2.  ” Armorial  bearings  of  the  sovereign  or  individuals  con- 
nected with  the  monastery  by  benefactions  or  otherwise ; 
personal  devices  or  mottoes. 

3.  " Ornaments  conformable  to  the  style  of  architecture  or 
character  of  decoration  prevalent  at  the  period,  but  devoid  of 
any  special  import.” 

Some  of  the  emblematic  figures,  of  which  examples  charac- 
teristic of  these  old  ecclesiastical  tiles  are  here  given, 
consist  of  lions,  dragons,  and  adders,  and  have  been 
supposed  to  have  reference  to  the  text,  " Thou  siialt 
go  upon  the  lion  and  the  adder : the  young  lion  and 
the  dragon  shalt  thou  tread  under  thy  feet.” 

The  tiles  of  the  earlier  manufacture  generally  measure  five 
inches  square,  and  the  later,  six  inches.  Some  have  been 
found  nine  inches  square  and  two  and  a quarter  inches  thick. 
A specimen  in  the  writer’s  collection,  probably  from  the 
Malvern  kilns,  is  a little  over  five  inches  square  and  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  thick. 

The  material  is  ordinary  coarse  red  clay,  such  as  is  used 
for  making  brick,  and  the  design  appears  to  be  formed  by  a 
lighter  colored  clay  filling  incisions  or  impressions  in  the  sur- 
face, and  subsequently  glazed.  The  design  is  supposed  to 
have  been  impressed  by  a stamp  while* the  clay  was  still 
moist,  and  the  depression  so  formed  was  filled  by  the  lighter 
clay  in  the  condition  of  thin  paste,  for  the  cavities  are  fre- 
quently seen  to  be  but  partially  filled. 

Prosser’s  Method. 

But  tiles  are  no  longer  made  in  Great  Britain  in  this 
manner.  Prosser’s  method,  patented  some  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago,  and  perfected  by  Mr.  Minton,  marks  a new  era 
in  tile  manufacture,  and  has  contributed  greatly  to  the 
advance  of  this  branch  of  artistic  decoration.  It  consists 
chiefly  in  the  use  of  powdered  clay,  instead  of  the  wet, 
plastic  mass.  The  paste  being  duly  conq)ounded  of  the 
proper  clays  and  silcx,  and  strained  through  cloth,  is  dried 
and  then  ground  to  powder.  This  powder,  when  slightly 
damp,  is  pressed  in  steel  moulds  by  a powerful  screw. 
The  size  and  form  of  the  moulds  determine  the  size  and 


72 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


shape  of  the  tile.  Tiles  so  formed  are  more  perfect  in 
shape,  are  denser,  stronger  and  more  uniform  in  wear,  than 
those  made  from  clay  in  its  plastic  state.  There  is  less 
shrinkage  in  tiring,  and  little  or  no  distortion.  Most  of  the 
cheap  tiles  upon  the  Continent  are  made  by  the  old  methods, 
and  are  by  no  means  so  exact  in  their  forms,  and  sharp  in 
their  edges  and  angles,  as  those  made  from  the  damp  pow- 
der under  pressure,  in  accurately  formed  moulds. 

The  exactness  and  uniformity  of  size  obtained  by  the  new 
method  greatly  stimulated  the  industry,  and  it  has  been 
steadily  increasing  in  importance  to  the  present  time.  Many 
firms  are  now  engaged  in  the  manufacture  in  Great  Britain, 
particularly  at  Stoke-on-Trent,  and  Burslem  in  Stalford- 
shire.  The  establishment  of  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins  & 
Co.,  now  carried  on  by  Mr.  Hollins,  is  one  of  the  oldest, 
and  is  occupied  exclusively  in  the  production  of  all  varie- 
ties of  tiles. 

The  rapidly  increasing  demand  for  tiles  of  all  descrip- 
tions of  late  years  is  remarkable,  not  only  in  England  but 
throughout  Europe.  They  are  used  in  almost  all  modern 
buildings  of  any  pretension.  They  make  the  most  service- 
able and  ornamental  floors  for  public  buildings.  In  the 
South  Kensington  Museum  alone  there  are  some  40,000 
square  feet  of  pavement  laid.  They  are  used  in  railway 
stations,  on  shipboard,  and  for  decorating  walls  and  pave- 
ments of  churches.  For  this  latter  purpose,  great  numbers 
are  required  in  the  work  of  restoration  of  old  cathedrals. 
At  Worcester,  the  cathedral  which  has  lately  been  restored, 
chiefly  through  the  munificence  of  the  Earls  Dudley  and 
Ward,  who  gave  equal  to  $350,000  in  gold  for  the  pur- 
pose, has  a tiled  chancel  of  most  elaborate  design,  a part 
of  which  is  over  four  hundred  years  old.  The  dilapidated 
portions  have  been  renewed  with  tiles  made  in  exact  imi- 
tation of  the  ancient  tiles,  and  at  a cost  of  not  less  than 
$10,000,  under  the  direction  of  Sir  Gilbert  Scott,  the  arch- 
itect. 

One  firm  alone  (Minton,  Hollins  & Co.)  cite  the  follow- 
ing among  the  principal  places  for  which  they  have  furn- 
ished the  tile  pavements  : — 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


73 


“ The  Kojal  Palaces  of  Windsor,  Osborne  and  Marlborough 
House  ; the  Palace  and  State  Yachts  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey ; 
the  Po3"al  Eesidence  of  Prince  Dhuleep  Sing ; the  New  Houses 
of  Parliament,  Westminster ; the  New  Foreign  Offices ; the  New 
Government  Buildings  in  India ; the  South  Kensington  Museum ; 
the  New  Albert  Hall ; the  Senior  and  Junior  Carlton  Clubs  ; the 
Cathedrals  of  Ely,  Lincoln,  Litchfield,  Gloucester,  Wells,  Glas- 
gow, Armagh  and  Sydney  (New  South  Wales)  ; the  New  Capitol 
at  Washington  (U.  S.  of  America)  ; and  many  of  the  principal 
Ducal  Mansions,  Government  Buildings,  Churches  and  Public 
Institutions  in  Great  Britain,”  etc.,  etc. 

Varieties  of  Tiles. 

The  varieties  of  tiles  as  now  made  may  be  classed 
according  to  their  manufacture,  irrespective  of  form  or 
use,  as  follows  : — 

1.  Plain  tiles,  unglazed,  glazed  or  enamelled,  in  colors. 

2.  Encaustic  tiles,  unglazed  or  glazed. 

3.  Majolica  tiles. 

4.  Enamelled,  decorated  or  painted  tiles. 

The  plain  tiles  are  usually  made  from  natural  clay  mix- 
tures, selected  with  reference  to  their  colors  when  burned; 
or  coloring  substances  may  be  added.  The  color  pervades 
the  whole  tile  like  a brick,  not  being,  as  in  the  case  of  an 
enamel,  merely  superficial.  The  addition  of  a transparent 
glaze  makes  the  color  more  brilliant,  and  gives  a smoother 
surface.  The  general  colors  of  both  the  plain  tiles  are 
black  and  white,  red,  chocolate,  salmon,  drab  and  buff. 
But  almost  any  desired  color  can  be  given  to  plain  tiles, 
by  enamelling  them  upon  the  surface  with  opaque  enamels. 
For  this  process  the  plain  white,  buff  or  red  tiles  are 
taken.  Bright  reds,  crimson,  purples,  blues,  greens  and 
browns  may  thus  bo  obtained.  These  enamelled  tiles,  like 
the  glazed,  have  a smooth  glassy  surface,  and  are  more 
appropriately  used  upon  walls  than  in  pavements,  where 
the  attrition  would  soon  destroy  the  gloss  of  the  enamel 
and  produce  scratches.  The  smooth  surface,  is  also  rather 
slippery  and  dangerous  to  walk  upon.  For  these  reasons 
10 


74 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


the  plain  iinglazecl  tiles  are  to  be  preferred  for  pave- 
ments. 

Besides  the  use  of  the  glazed  and  enamelled  tiles  in 
mural  decoration  for  dados,  panels,  etc.,  they  are  espe- 
cially applicable,  and  are  largely  used  abroad,  for  lining 
the  walls  of  dairies  (the  dairy  farmers  finding  them  supe- 
rior for  cleanliness  and  keeping  the  milk  pure),  for  larders, 
kitchens,  around  sinks  and  cooking-ranges,  in  bath-rooms, 
water-closets,  and  in  stables.  For  such  places  the  six- inch 
plain  white  glazed  tile  is  in  general  use.  Another  very 
important  application  of  wall-tile  is  in  hospitals,  for  com- 
pletely lining  the  walls  of  wards  for  fever  patients.  The 
new  St.  Thomas  hospitals  (erected  in  London  opposite  the 
Houses  of  Parliament)  have  the  fever  wards  lined  with  six- 
inch  white  glazed  tiles,  which,  it  is  believed,  will  prevent 
the  absorption  of  the  germs  of  disease  which  it  is  well- 
known  penetrate  porous  plaster  walls,  and  are  even 
absorbed  by  bricks,  so  that  after  a time  whole  wards  of 
hospitals  and  entire  buildings  become  unfit  for  occupation. 
The  same  is  true  of  rooms  in  dwellings,  hotels,  and  dormi- 
tories in  colleges.  An  impervious  tile-wall,  which  can  be 
thoroughly  cleaned  by  wiping  with  a sponge,  is  a great 
sanitary  improvement,  and  deserves  the  attention  of  physi- 
cians and  architects.  A thoroughly  vitrified  body  like  por- 
celain, would  be  better  for  the  purpose  than  a porous 
earthenware  base  with  a glazed  surface,  though  the  latter 
would,  no  doubt,  be  far  better  than  even  the  hardest 
painted  plaster  wall. 

Another  important  use  of  the  plain  white  glazed,  or 
enamelled  tiles,  is  as  reflectors  in  lining  dark  passages, 
staircases  and  entrances,  especially  in  basements,  or  wher- 
ever there  is  liability  to  dampness  or  a smoky  atmosphere. 
They  are  largely  used  about  the  stations  of  the  under- 
ground railway  in  London,  particularly  around  the  window- 
openings,  or  wherever  light  is  admitted  through  thick  walls. 
Most  of  the  lavatories  and  retiring-rooms  of  the  railway 
stations  in  England,  and  on  the  Continent,  are  lined  with 
white  glazed  tiles. 

Encaustic  tiles  may  also  be  either  with  or  Avithout  a 
glaze.  In  this  class  the  design  upon  the  tile  is  not  merely 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


75 


stamped  or  painted  on  the  surface,  but  is  impressed  to 
considerable  depth.  The  tiles  are  inlaid.  The  process  in 
Britain  is  as  old  as  the  mediaeval  tiles  of  Malvern,  already 
noted.  In  the  ancient  tiles  the  design  was  impressed  in  the 
moist  clay.  In  the  modern  it  is  equally  impressed,  but  at 
the  time  of  forming  the  tile  out  of  the  dust,  leaving  a 
sharply  formed  design,  which  is  subsequently  filled  by  a 
powder  of  another  color.  The  whole  being  pressed  together 
forms  a homogeneous  mass.  The  impressed  design  is  also 
filled,  in  some  cases  by  a liquid  slip,  as  in  the  ancient 
tiles,  and  when  dry  the  excess  is  scraped  olf  before  firing. 

The  design  being  impressed  to  a depth  of  one-eighth  or 
one-quarter  of  an  inch,  and  filled  solidly  with  body  of  a 
different  color  from  the  groundwork  of  the  tile,  is  not 
obliterated  by  wear  until  the  whole  substance  of  the  tile 
has  been  cut  away  to  the  full  depth  of  the  design.  The 
brilliancy  of  the  design  and  of  the  colors  of  the  tile  may, 
as  with  plain  tiles,  be  heightened  by  a simple  glaze ; but 
the  surface  is  made  slippery,  and  is  not  so  well  adapted  to 
pavements  as  the  simple  unglazed  surface.  Some  of  the 
colored  bodies,  such  as  blue,  green  and  white,  are  sufii- 
ciently  vitrified  in  burning  to  give  a vitreous  semi-glazed 
appearance.  But  glazed  inlaid  tiles  are  suitable  for  hearths 
where  not  exposed  to  much  wear,  and  are  now 'largely  used 
abroad  for  this  purpose.  Their  thickness  and  strength- 
renders  them  secure  from  breakage. 

Encaustic  or  inlaid  tiles  are  usually  one  inch  thick,  twice 
the  thickness  required  for  plain  wall-tiles.  They  are  especially 
suitable  for  pavements  in  halls,  corridors  and  vestibules,  or 
Avherever  they  would  be  exposed  to  attrition  and  wear  b}'  the 
fire-irons,  etc. 

Encaustic  and  Enamelled  Tiles  in  Decoration. 

Another  important  application  of  the  encaustic,  and  also  of 
the  enamelled  tiles,  is  found  in  decorating  the  Avails  of  build- 
ings, especially  those  of  brick,  cither  grouped  in  large  ])anels, 
or  set  singly  about  the  Avindow-fraines  and  cornices. 

The  glazed  encaustic  tiles  are  generally  used  in  mural 
decoration  and  in  fire-places,  for  lining  the  jambs  and  back, 
Avhere  movable  or  basket  grates  arc  used.  They  not  only 


76 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


have  the  merit  of  beauty,  but  of  cleanliness,  as  all  smoke, 
soot  or  dust  can  be  easily  wiped  off  the  glazed  faces. 

Majolica  tiles  are  ornamented  with  the  design  in  relief,  pro- 
duced generally  by  the  insertion  of  an  open-work  metallic 
plate  when  moulded,  giving  them  an  embossed  surface,  which 
is  variously  colored  by  enamels,  and  is  highly  glazed.  This 
kind  of  tile  is  extremely  rich  and  brilliant  in  appearance,  and 
is  suited  to  mural  decoration,  such  as  the  walls  and  dados  of 
dining,  smoking-rooms,  libraries,  offices,  stairways,  entrance 
halls,  for  inlaying  cabinet  work,  and  for  mantels  and  fire- 
places. For  this  latter  purpose,  there  were  some  fine 
examples  in  the  exhibition  of  dog-grates  and  fire-place 
fixtures.  They  are  particularly  applicable  to  church-wall 
decoration,  grate-cheeks  and  for  flower-boxes.  So  also  the 
enamelled  ornamental  tile  may  be  used  for  the  same  pur- 
poses, but  more  especially  for  the  walls  of  dairies,  bathing 
and  retiring  rooms,  and  for  baths.  The  ornamentation  is 
added  either  by  hand,  or  is  transferred  from  lithographic 
prints,  but  is  all  upon  the  plain  surface,  not  extending  into 
the  substance  of  the  tile,  as  in  the  encaustic  varieties,  or 
raised  above  the  general  level,  as  in  the  embossed  varieties. 
The  elaborately  painted  tiles  and  slabs  belong  to  this  class,  as 
also  those  which  are  enamelled  in  various  opaque  colored 
enamels. 

The  use  of  tiles  for  flower-boxes  for  windows  has  become 
general,  and  has  raised  a demand  for  such  as  are  peculiarly 
adapted  to  the  purpose.  They  are  usually  eight  inches 
square,  half  an  inch  thick,  and  are  inserted  side  by  side  in  a 
simple  wooden  or  zinc  frame-work,  grooved  so  as  to  receive 
and  hold  the  edges  of  the  tiles.  The  majolica  and  painted  tiles 
are  generally  preferred. 

An  important  application  of  tiles  is  for  inscriptions  of  all 
kinds,  street  names,  signs,  numbers,  especially  where  dust 
accumulates,  and  frequent  brushing  or  dusting  is  necessary. 
They  are  largely  used  in  the  underground  railway  in  London, 
for  the  names  of  the  stations.  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins  & Co. 
manufacture  every  kind  and  all  sizes  of  these  tiles  for  forming 
inscriptions,  dates  and  texts,  and  direct  attention  especially 
to  their  letter-tiles,  manufactured  expressly  for  street  names, 
and  assert  that  such  tiles  have  been  fixed  in  several  towns  for 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


77 


more  than  twenty  years  without  being  impaired  in  distinct- 
ness. They  are  affixed  either  by  bedding  in  Portland  cement 
aofainst  the  wall,  with  the  ed<?es  covered  so  as  to  exclude 
water,  or  b}^  metal  frames  secured  to  the  wall  by  screws,  or  by 
cutting  out  a recess  as  broad  as  the  tiles,  and  as  long  as  the 
name  requires.  The  tiles  are  then  secured  in  this  recess  by 
cement,  and  the  joints  are  pointed. 

Memorial  and  Mortuary  Tablets, 

For  memorial  and  mortuary  purposes,  encaustic  tiles,  bear- 
ing inscriptions,  monograms  or  heraldic  devices,  seem  to  be 
peculiarly  appropriate.  They  have  the  advantage  of  being 
comparatively  indestructible  by  the  weather,  and  of  holding 
their  colors  unchanged  by  time,  so  that  inscriptions  on  them 
remain  legible  long  after  those  cut  in  stone  have  disappeared. 
The  material  is  far  more  enduring  than  porphyry  and  granite 
or  marble,  especially  where  exposed  to  the  weather;  and  even 
if  lost  sight  of  and  buried  for  ages  in  the  earth,  tiles,  if 
properly  made,  will  retain  their  inscriptions  in  perfection, 
and  may  become  of  great  value  in  antiquarian  researches. 
Being  formed  in  moulds,  duplicate  copies  can  be  made  at 
little  increased  cost,  and  they  could  be  freely  used,  not  only 
in  tombstones,  but  as  memorial  tablets  in  the  walls  of 
churches.  Inscriptions  may  be  made  in  small  but  distinct 
letters,  so  that  a tile  of  ordinary  size  may  contain  all  that  is 
usually  placed  upon  a tombstone.  The  compactness  of  such 
inscriptions  renders  it  possible,  if  desired,  to  group  a number 
in  a small  space,  and  they  could  be  inserted  side  by  side  in 
the  walls  of  vaults,  or  upon  tombstones  specially  adapted  to 
the  purpose. 

The  memorial  tablets  now  made  and  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Minton,  Hollins  & Co.,  are  twelve  inches  square,  and  are  de- 
signed chiefly  for  insertion  in  the  walls  of  churches  or  chapels. 
They  bear  heraldic  devices  or  simple  inscriptions,  and  are 
variously  ornamented  and  colored.  Designs  are  furnished  by 
them  at  the  works,  and  any  inscription  to  order.  I see  no 
reason  why  such  tiles  should  not  l)e  inserted  in  ordinary 
tombstones,  in  place  of  the  chiselled  inscriptions,  a recess 
being  cut  into  the  stone  to  receive  the  tile,  securely  bedded 
in  cement. 


78 


EXPOSITIOX  AT  VIENNA. 


Eju‘1}^  examples  of  the  use  of  tiles  for  mortuary  purposes 
are  numerous  and  interesting.  Eed  tiles  of  this  nature,  inlaid 
with  black  clay,  have  been  found  in  Devonshire,  Somerset- 
shire and  Surrey,  England."^  It  is  known  that  inlaid  tiles 
were  used  to  mark  the  site  of  graves  in  Worcestershire  far 
into  the  seventeenth  century.  In  Malvern  Priory  church, 
which  contains  some  of  the  liiiest  examples  of  heraldic  tablets. 
Pilchard  Corbet,  a knight  templar,  who  died  in  the  thirteenth 
century,  has  a plain  table  monument,  the  sides  and  ends  of 
which  are  covered  with  tiles,  5^  inches  square  and  inches 
thick,  decorated  with  the  arms  of  the  Corbet  family. -j- 

In  the  same  ancient  church,  there  were  examples  of  mono- 
grams, the  letters  impressed  in  the  clay  and  then  filled  in 
with  white  earth,  and  of  pious  inscriptions  in  black-letter  in 
connection  with  them.  Inscriptions  formed  with  small  tiles, 
each  bearing  a separate  letter,  have  been  found  there,  and  the 
grave  of  Vicar  Edmund  Kea,  1640,  was  marked  l)y  a border 
of  such  tiles,  chronicling  his  death. 

In  the  pottery  districts  of  Staffordshire,  earthenware  slabs 
or  gravestones  were  not  uncommon.  Several  examples,  Avith 
drawings,  of  specimens  in  the  Mayer  collection  are  cited  in 
Meteyard’s  Life  of  Wedgwood.  One  is  a tablet  one  foot 
high,  nine  indies  broad,  and  two  inches  thick;  another,  two 
feet  three  inches  high,  one  foot  seven  inches  broad,  and  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  thick.  One  is  formed  of  seggar  clay,  and 
the  other  of  dark  red  clay,  and  both  are  inscribed,  one  with 
raised  Avhite  letters,  and  the  other  Avith  the  letters  sunk,  and 
covered  Avith  a glaze.  All  of  the  inscriptions  are  remarkably 
clear. 

Building-Tablets. 

Another  example  of  the  use  of  tiles  is  found  in  the  build- 
ing-tablets set  into  the  front  Avails  of  houses  to  shoAV  the  date 
of  construction,  and  the  name  of  the  builder  or  OAvner.  The 
custom  Avas  an  old  one,  and  was  very  generally  followed  in 
the  pottery  region.  Some  of  these  were  made  of  light  brown 
clay,  with  the  ornaments  in  relief  in  yellow  clay.  Others  are 
glazed  Avhite,  Avith  the  date  and  armorial  bearings  painted  in 

* Life  of  Josiah  Wedgwood,  Meteyard,  I.,  55. 
t Antiquarian  and  Architectural  Year  Book,  1844,  p.  147. 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


79 


blue.  It  is  ill  this  direction  that  tile-making  connects  itself 
with  the  industry  of  terra-cotta,  especially  in  the  department 
of  mural  decoration  by  slabs  ornamented  in  relief,  either  plain 
or  enamelled. 

Lar^e  numbers  of  tiles  are  now  used  for  decorating  furni- 
ture,  being  set  in  the  woodwork  of  cabinets,  tables,  ward- 
robes and  bedsteads.  There  were  several  line  examples  at 
Vienna,  particularly  in  the  British  section.  For  such  pur- 
poses specially  decorated  tiles  are  desirable.  Plain  white  or 
buff  tiles  may  be  decorated  with  figures  or  flowers,  by  paint- 
ing upon  the  glaze.  There  are  artists  who  devote  their  efforts 
to  this  work,  and  the  variety  of  subjects  is  great.  Cottier 
& Co.,  the  celebrated  decorators  of  interiors,  publish  a list  of 
classical  and  allegorical  figures,  among  them  such  as  Pomona, 
Flora,  the  Seasons,  Industry,  etc.,  and  a series  of  heads  of 
poets,  painters,  composers  of  music,  discoverers  and  philoso- 
phers. 

/ Sizes  and  Shapes  of  Tiles. 

The  sizes  and  shapes  of  tiles  vary  in  different  countries 
and  with  different  manufacturers.  At  the  establishment  of 
Minton,  Hollins  & Co.,  and  with  other  British  manufacturers, 
6x6  inches  square  is  the  size  in  most  common  use.  Four 
of  these  make  one  square  foot  of  surface.  But  5x5  inches 
and  3x3  inches  are  also  made,  and  borders  to  correspond. 
The  following  table  shows  the  range  of  sizes  for  plain,  un- 
glazed tiles  : — 


Squares.  ~ 6 

X 

6 

inches. 

Bands.  — 6^ 

X 

5 

X 

5 

“ 

c-1 

X 

X 

G 

X 

X 

6 

X 

4 

X 

4 

Ci 

6 

X 

X 

(( 

6 

X 

3 

X 

3 

6 

X 

2f 

X 

2f 

c; 

6 

X 

X 

u 

H 

X 

21 

X 

21 

ii 

X 

2 

X 

2 

u 

X 

X 

If 

u 

n 

X 

X 

U 

3^  inches. 

4 
3 

9 


n 

1 


80 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Of  GJicli  of  these  sizes  there  are  diagonal  halves  and  quar- 
ters, also  octagons,  hexagons,  pentagons,  lozenges,  and  other 
regular  geometrical  shapes.  The  very  small  tiles  or  " tesserog  ” 
range  from  X jjr  inch  to  1 X 1 inch,  and  are  used  in 
mosaic  work.  There  are  larger  sizes  of  the  enamelled,  orna- 
mental, and  the  majolica  tiles.  The  largest  of  the  former  are 
12  X 12  inches  ; 9 X 9 inches  and  8 X 8 inches  are  also  made, 
besides  8x4  inches,  7x7  inches,  6x6  inches,  6x3 
inches,  6x2  inches,  and  6x1  inch. 

The  tiles  in  France,  and  on  the  Continent  generally,  are 
made  in  fractions  of  the  metre,  and  are  larger  than  the  six- 
inch  tile.  The  Dutch  tiles  measure  5^  X 5^-  inches,  and 
are  less  than  half  an  inch  thick.  The  old  Saracenic  and  Per- 
sian tiles  are  generally  larger,  being  nearly  one  foot  square.* 

Minton,  Hollins  & Co.,  Patent  Tile  Works,  iStoke-upon- 
Trent. — The  plain  and  encaustic  tiles  of  this  celebrated  estab- 
lishment have  been  rendered  flimiliar  to  our  citizens  by  their 
liberal  use  in  the  Capitol  at  Washington  and  in  many  of  our 
public  and  private  buildings.  But  these  fail  to  give  an  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  variety  and  richness  of  the  designs  which 
are  now  produced  and  largely  used  abroad  for  decoration. 

The  firm  made  a very  complete  and  interesting  exhibition 
of  all  their  varieties  of  tiles,  whether  for  paving,  mural  decora- 
ration,  or  other  purposes.  One  of  the  broad  wall  spaces  be- 
tween the  columns,  in  the  main  transept  of  the  Yienna  build- 
ing, nearly  opposite  the  beautiful  display  of  Minton’s  majolica 
and  porcelain,  was  set  apart  for  their  use,  and  was  completely 
filled  with  tablets,  painted  slabs,  and  specimens  of  pavements. 
The  series  of  tablets  hung  upon  the  wall  gave  a square  yard  of 
surface  to  each  different  pattern.  The  greatest  novelties  were 
the  Persian  and  Moorish  patterns,  of  great  beauty  of  design 
and  coloring ; copies  from  a series  of  ancient  tiles  recently 
obtained  in  the  East.  There  was  also  tiles  in  imitation  of 
embossed  leather.  Altogether,  it  was  the  most  brilliant 
and  complete  display  of  tiles  in  the  Exhibition,  and  merited 
the  great  interest  with  which  it  was  regarded  by  all  classes  of 
visitors. 

* Some  interesting  and  peculiar  varieties  of  form  are  noted  beyond  in  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  exhibition  in  the  Spanish  and  the  Portuguese  sections. 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


81 


The  complete  descriptive  list,  to  be  obtained  from  the 
firm,  will  be  more  satisfixctory  than  any  general  notice,  though 
nothing  except  chromatic  illustrations  can  give  an  adequate 
idea  of  the  beauty  of  the  designs  and  perfection  of  color- 
ing, nor  of  the  slabs,  with  groups  of  ferns  and  flowers  from 
nature,  painted  under  the  glaze,  by  the  artists  permanently 
engaged  in  the  art  studio  of  the  firm.  The  list  comprises’ 
more  than  one  hundred  varieties  of  tiles.  We  give  below  a 
page  from  the  catalogue,  which  will  give  an  idea  of  its 
contents  : — 

Descriptive  List  of  Tiles. 

No.  1.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  i-incli  thick,  of  Persian  design,  for  the  * 
l^urpose  of  lining  walls,  for  sides  and  back  of  fireplaces,  and 
for  mural  decoration  generally. 

2.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  i-inch  thick,  design  and  adaptability 
same  as  No.  1. 

8.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  -l-incli  thick,  of  Renaissance  design, 
interspersed  with  plain  glazed  tiles,  suitable  for  walls  and 
dados  generally,  including  chancel  walls. 

4.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  -l-inch  thick,  design  and  adaptability 

same  as  No.  1. 

5.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  -|-inch  thick,  design  and  adaptability 

same  as  No.  1. 

6.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  |-inch  thick,  design  and  adaptability 

same  as  No.  1. 

7.  Enamelled  and  Painted  Tiles,  |-inch  thick.  Fables,  etc.,  for  the 

purpose  of  lining  the  sides  of  fireplaces,  inlaying  with  cabinet 
furniture,  and  for  mural  decoration  generally. 

8.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  l-inch  thick,  of  Renaissance  design ; 

adaptability  same  as  No.  1. 

9.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  ^-inch  thick,  of  Persian  design  (un- 

glazed ground,  the  ornament  enamelled  and  gilt),  for  the 
purpose  of  lining  walls,  and  for  sides  and  back  of  fireplaces  ; 
suitable  also  for  chancel  walls,  ete. 

10.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  ^-inch  thick ; adaptability  same  as 

No.  1. 

11.  Embossed  Majolica  Tiles,  ^-inch  thick,  of  Grecian  design,  for 

the  purpose  of  lining  the  sides  of  fireplaees,  and  other  mural 
decoration. 

12.  Enamelled  and  Gilt  Tiles,  ^-inch  thick,  of  Gothic  design,  suitable 

for  lining  walls  and  dados. 

13.  Enamelled  and  Gilt  Tiles,  L^rich  thick,  of  Grecian  design,  suit- 

able for  lining  walls  and  dados. 

14.  Enamelled  and  Gilt  Tiles,  ^-inch  thick,  of  Gothic  design,  suitable 

for  the  sides  of  fireplaces,  inlaying  with  furniture,  and  for 
other  mural  decoration. 


11 


82 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  maiiiihicture  of  encaustic  tiling  was  commenced  in  1840 
by  ^Ir.  Herbert  Minton,  and  is  now  carried  on  by  Mr.  Hollins 
in  a new  establishment,  built  upon  the  old  site  at  Stoke-upon- 
Trent.  The  business  has  increased  enormously.  Aside  from 
the  ordinary  demand  for  paving  tiles,  there  is  a constantly 
increasing  consumption  of  plain  white  tiles  for  stables,  scul- 
leries, closets,  walls,  etc.  The  plain  white,  glazed  tiles  are* 
sold  at  the  works  as  low  as  21J.,  equal  to  about  live  cents 
each ; and,  considering  how  superior  they  are  to  any  other 
material,  perhaps  not  even  excepting  marble,  for  facing  walls, 
which  it  is  important  to  cleanse  often,  the  large  consumption  is 
not  surprising.  But  the  demand  has  also  increased  enormously 
for  the  encaustic  and  ornamental  tiles,  owing  not  only  to  the 
greater  number  exported  to  the  United  States,  Australia  and 
other  countries,  but  to  the  more  general  appreciation  and 
increased  use  of  them  in  England. 

The  great  expansion  of  the  industry  required  increased 
facilities  for  the  manufacture,  and  led  Mr.  Hollins,  now  the 
chief  owner  and  the  manager,  to  erect  new  buildings  specially 
arranged  for  the  rapid  and  economical  manipulation  of  the 
large  quantities  of  material.  By  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Hollins, 
I was  allowed  to  inspect  the  whole  establishment,  and  to  see 
every  detail  of  the  manufacture.  It  may  be  considered  a 
model.  The  clays  are  landed  at  a commodious  wharf  on  one 
side,  and  the  finished  goods  are  delivered  on  the  other  side. 
The  movement  of  the  materials  is  in  one  direction  forward  from 
the  clay  heaps  through  the  mixing  and  moulding  rooms,  to 
the  furnaces,  and  from  the  furnaces  to  the  packing  iV)oms, 
without  carrying  back  and  forth.  The  materials  are  selected 
and  combined  with  great  care,  so  as  to  insure  the  greatest 
possible  strength  and  perfection  in  the  product.  For  the  red 
tiles  and  the  buff  tiles,  clays  are  obtained  in  the  vicinity,  and 
are  remarkably  Tvell  adapted  to  the  purpose.  The  white  body 
is  formed  of  a mixture  of  the  Cornish  clays  and  calcined  flint. 
As  much  care  is  taken  in  the  preparation  as  is  bestowed  upon 
the  manufacture  of  the  body  for  stone-china.  The  basis  of 
the  colored  enamelled  tiles  is  equally  white  and  strong. 
Skilled  artists  of  reputation  are  constantly  engaged  in  the 
decoration  of  slabs  and  large  tiles  for  special  purposes.  The 
risk  of  breakage  or  distortion  of  the  large  slabs  in.  the  succes- 


WALL  AND  FLOOE  TILES, 


83 


sive  firings  to  which  they  must  be  submitted,  is  so  great,  that 
they  are  now  usually  made  in  three  or  more  parts,  or  tiles, 
and  are  fitted  together  after  the  last  firing. 

Great  labor  is  expended  upon  the  finer  qualities  of  encaustic 
tiles.  They  are  made  chiefly  by  hand,  of  moist  clay,  and  are 
finished  by  scraping.  Such  tiles  cost  from  Is.  to  2s.  6d.  each, 
and  are  too  costly  for  general  use. 

Eleven  or  twelve  large  kilns  are  required  for  the  burning. 
An  engine  of  sixty  horse-power  suffices  to  do  the  grinding  and 
mixing  of  the  materials.  An  average  of  700  persons  is 
employed. 

Other  exhibitions  of  the  encaustic  and  enamelled  tiles  were 
made  in  the  British  section  by  Kobert  Minton  Taylor,  and  by 
the  Mintons,  the  latter  being  chiefly  enamelled  tiles  and  slabs 
for  grates,  hearths  and  flower-boxes.  Messrs.  Maw  & Son 
did  not  exhibit,  but  manufacture  tiles  in  great  variety  from 
designs  by  distinguished  artists.* 

Simpson,  W.  B.,  & Sons,  London,  exhibited  a chimney- 
piece  of  art  tiles  and  walnut  wood,  with  tiled  sides,  arranged 
for  an  open  grate. 


Dutch  Tiles. 

Gebrudee  Eavesteijn,  Westraven,  near  Utrecht,  made  a 
very  complete  display  of  the  cheap  tiles  of  Holland,  arranging 
them  upon  the  sides  of  a tall  pyramidal  column.  They  are 
characterized  by  crude  and  quaint  designs,  usually  in  blue 
or  purple  upon  white  enamelled  ground.  There  were  also 
yellow,  black  and  marbled  tiles  in  great  variety,  but  no  data 
as  regards  production  and  cost  could  be  obtained. 

These  tiles  are  designed  chiefl}^  for  wall  decoration,  being 
thin,  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  thick,  and  with  a smooth, 
glazed  surface.  They  measure  five  and  one-quarter  inches 
square,  and  are  not  very  strong.  Their  use  about  old- 
fashioned  fireplaces  is  well  known,  and  there  is  more  or  less 

* Most  of  tlic  larger  tile  works  of  Great  Britian  are  represented  by  agents  in  the 
United  States.  Messrs.  Miller  & Coates,  of  New  York,  have  long  represented  ]\[essrs. 
Minton,  Hollins  & Co.,  and  the  pnblie  are  indebted  to  them  for  great  efforts  to  extend 
the  use  of  tiling  for  decorative  purposes.  The  establishment  of  11.  Minton  Taylor  is 
represented  by  Mr.  Thomas  Aspinwall,  39  Murray  Street,  N.  Y.;  and  Maw  eSc  Son, 
by  Anderson,  Merchant  & Co. 


84 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


demand  for  them  at  the  present  time  for  the  same  purpose. 
An  agency  was  established  for  these  tiles  in  Boston  a few 
years  since,  and  they  can  now  be  obtained  there  at  a moderate 
price. 

Vast  quantities  of  the  Dutch  tiles  were  imported  in  Eng- 
land about  the  middle  of  the  last  century  for  fireplaces,  but 
after  the  discovery  of  the  method  of  transferring  designs  by 
printing  from  paper  to  earthenware,  about  the  year  1752,  the 
manufacture  of  imitations  commenced,  and  the  demand  was  in 
part  supplied  by  home-made  printed  tiles. 

Ancient  Tiles — Samaecand. 

For  the  exhibition  in  the  Kussian  section,  of  a suite  of  the 
curious  enamelled  tiles  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries, 
from  the  mosques  of  Samarcand , w^e  are  indebted  to  the  Museum 
of  the  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts,  at  St.  Peters- 
burg. The  specimens  consisted  of  capitals,  parts  of  columns 
and  cornices,  and  of  brickwork  and  tiles.  The  tiles  or  plates 
vary  in  size  from  8 X 10  inches  to  12  inches  square,  and 
12  X 16  inches,  and  even  larger.  They  are  heavily  and 
boldly  incised,  so  as  to  form  the  designs  to  a depth  of  an  inch 
or  more,  and  were  evidently  moulded,  probably  in  cement  or 
plaster  moulds  ; but  some  parts  of  the  designs,  especially 
Arabic  letters,  are  undercut,  apparently  by  hand-trimming 
after  the' clay  had  partly  dried.  The  designs  and  inscriptions 
are  all  remarkably  sharp,  and  appear  as  if  carved  out.  The 
sections  of  columns  are  15  to  18  inches  long,  and  3 inches  in 
diameter,  half  round,  with  raised  spiral  ornamentation.  The 
principal  colors  of  the  enamelling  are  dark  blue,  white,  light 
green  and  a bluish  green.  Light  bufiVcolored  bricks  were 
combined  with  short  pieces  of  glazed  torquoise  blue  tile  set 
between  them,  producing  an  excellent  efi’ect. 

French  Tiles  and  Plaques. 

In  the  French  Section,  the  beautiful  mantel  by  Th.  Deck, 
Paris,  and  the  mural  tile  decoration,  by  Callinot,  were  the 
chief  attractions  to  be  noticed  under  the  head  of  Tiles. 

Deck’s  mantel,  or  rather  chimney-piece,  of  enamelled 
earthenware,  is  formed  of  tiles  about  nine  inches  square. 


WALL  AND  FLOOK  TILES. 


85 


Each  tile  bears  a part  of  the  general  design.  A jardiniere, 
lined  with  a movable  zinc  or  copper  tray,  takes  the  place  of 
a mantel-shelf,  and  is  designed  to  be  filled  with  cut  or  grow- 
ing flowers.  The  whole  stands  about  twelve  feet  high,  and 
is  valued  at  10,000  francs. 

E.  CoLLiNOT,  Paris,  made  the  most  complete  and  varied 
display  of  enamelled  faience  imitations  of  Persian  and  Ori-. 
ental.  The  prominent  objects  were  the  broad  mural  panels 
of  the  pavilion,  or  canopy,  within  which  the  smaller  objects, 
such  as  vases,  plaques  and  dishes,  were  arranged.  Even 
the  columns  supporting  the  canopy  were  formed  of  the 
same  material  as  the  vases,  and  all  were  highly  decorated 
in  Persian  designs,  laid  on  in  brilliant  but  thick  enamel,  so 
that  each  color  stood  out  separately  aqd  in  relief,  without 
running  into  or  blending  with  the  next.  This  was  the 
characteristic  style  of  the  enamel  decoration,  and  resembled 
the  remarkable  work  by  Parrillez,  upon  dishes  and  vases. 
The  tiles,  or  plates,  for  panels  in  the  walls  of  apartments, 
were  about  one  metre  long  and  half  a metre  wide,  several 
being  grouped  together  to  form  one  panel  some  ten  feet 
long  and  three  feet  wide.  One  of  these  panels,  decorated 
in  boldly-drawn  figures  of  rocks,  leaves  and  flowers,  in 
Chinese  style,  attracted  much  attention,  and  was  sold  to 
the  Grand  Duke  Vladimir  of  Kussia.  Another  panel  was 
decorated  with  branches  of  the  Japanese  flowering  peach, 
of  full  size  and  excellent  in  color,  and  with  showy  aquatic 
plants,  all  upon  a groundwork  or  background  of  canary 
yellow  enamel.  Work  of  this  kind,  for  walls  of  apart- 
ments, is  furnished  at  450  francs  per  square  metre ; the 
great  cost  being  in  the  artistic  decoration,  for  the  basis  is 
cheap  clay  ware,  which  seems  hardly  worthy  of  such  expen- 
sive and  beautiful  additions.  The  raised,  embossed  form  of 
the  enamel,  obtained  doubtless  by  successive  additions,  is 
peculiarly  favorable  to  the  distinctness  of  the  flowers, 
irivino:  them  a decided  relief  above  the  surface,  while 
their  outlines  are  sharply  set  oft*  from  the  groundwork. 
The  productions  of  this  artist  have  received  gold  and 
silver  medals  at  the  successive  great  Exhibitions,  and  he 
has  been  honored  by  an  imperial  decoration  in  rccogui- 


86 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


tion  of  bis  services  to  art,  in  reviving  Persian  ceramic 
designs. 

Keference  should  here  be  made  to  the  notice  in  a previ- 
ous portion  of  the  Keport  of  the  display  made  by  Deck, 
and  to  the  section  upon  Enamelled  Terra-cotta,  etc. 

Tiles  eeom  India. 

Several  collections  of  ancient  tiles  were  forwarded  from 
India,  most  of  them  being  taken  from  tombs  at  Tatta,  and 
from  a ruined  fortress  near  the  same  place  on  the  Buggar, 
a western  branch  of  the  Indus,  built  in  the  year  a.  d. 
1421.  The  following  account  of  the  method  of  making 
tiles  is  taken  from  notes  sent  on  by  the  Local  Committee 
in  India. 

Tiles  are  prepared.,  in  moulds,  and  when  dried  are  rubbed 
over  with  a piece  of  wet  cloth,  and  beaten  with  an  earthen 
maul  for  the  purpose  of  smoothing  the  surface.  They  are 
then  kept  for  two  or  three  days,  or  more,  till  they  become 
sufficiently  firm ; and,  after  having  been  cut  to  the  proper 
size,  are  piled  in  layers  in  the  sun  to  dry. 

The  tiles,  having  been  sun-dried,  may  then  be  sent  to 
the  kiln,  after  which  the  required  pattern  is  traced  upon 
them  in  the  following  manner : " A perforated  paper  pat- 
tern is  placed  upon  the  surface  and  powdered  charcoal 
is  sprinkled  over  it.  On  removing  the  paper  the  pattern 
remains  on  the  earthenware,  and  is  then  brushed  over  with 
a solution  called  ' Sahree.’  When  this  is  dry,  glaze  of  the 
required  color  is  prepared  and  poured  over  it ; the  article 
is  then  allowed  to  dry  again,  after  which  it  is  placed  in  the 
glazing  kiln  and  fired.”  The  "Sahree”  appears  to  be  a col- 
ored clay  differing  from  the  body  of  the  tile. 

The  use  of  colored  tiles  in  Indian  architecture  is  referred 
to  the  third  period,  beginning  with  the  Sur  dynasty  in 
1540,  when  colored  decoration  wqs  first  introduced  with 
boldness. 

" The  system  of  encaustic  tiling  had  been  introduced 
about  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  in^Persia,  where 
the  ruined  mosque  of  Tabreez  is  said  still  to  glow  with  a 
most  elaborate  pattern  and  hue.  The  first  fine  specimen  of 
this  art  in  Upper  India  seems  to  be  the  Killa  Kona  mosque. 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


87 


in  the  Poorana  Killa,  which  was  the  citadel  of  Slier 
Shak’s  city,  just  outside  the  Delhi  Gate  of  the  modern 
’town.”"^  Fergusson  says  that  colored  tiles  were  then  freely 
, employed.  , 


Spanish  Tiles. 

•SoLERiA,  A.  Y.,  Tarragona,  In  the  Spanish  section 
there  were  some  interesting  forms  of  tiles  and  mosaic  work, 

• glazed  and  encaustic, 
but  chiefly  glazed  or 
enamelled,  on  a basis 
of  brick  clay.  The 
largest  square  tiles 
measure  7|-  inches  on 
a side,  and  are  five- 
eighths  of  an  inch 
thick.  The  tiles,  of 
which  two  of  the 
forms  and  combina- 
tions are  here  shown 
in  outline,  are  much  smaller,  the  hexagons  being  about 
inches  long  and  inches  wide.  The  colors  are  black  and 

green,  and 
the  star 
between  is 
white. 

The  pecul- 
iar curved 
triangular 
tile,  about 
two  inches 
broad  and 
enamelled  in 

different  colors,  produces  a pleasing  though  somewhat  bewil- 
dering effect. 


Laying  and  Setting  Tiles. 

One  great  drawback  to  the  general  use  of  tiles  in  the 
United  States,  especially  in  private  residences  in  the  coun- 

H.  G.  Rccnc,  in  a “Note  on  the  Stone  Indnstries  of  Agra.” 


88 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


try,  has  been  the  supposed  difficulty  of  setting  them  prop- 
erly. In  the  large  cities  the  agents  usually  keep  experi- 
enced men  in  their  employ,  who  can  lay  down  the  tiles  if 
desired.  A few  simple  directions  will,  however,  enable 
any  skilful  mason  to  fix  them  properly. 

The  foundation  must  be  firm  and  secure  in  all  cases,  so 
that  there  shall  not  be  any  settling  or  absence  of  equal 
support  under  all  parts  of  the  pavement.  Cement  mortar, 
without  sand,  is  used  in  setting  the  tiles,  so  that  a \oerfect 
bearing  is  obtained  and  all  the  joints  are  filled.  The  fol- 
lowing directions  are  copied,  with  only  slight  modifications, 
from  those  published  by  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins  & Co  : — 

1.  If  there  is  no  cellar  or  other  opening  underneath  the  space 
intended  for  the  tile  pavement,  the  foundation  may  be  brought  up  to 
within  three  inches  of  the  proposed  surface  of  the  pavement  with  brick, 
gravel,  broken  stone,  clean  stone  clippings,  or  other  solid  waste  sub- 
stances free  from  chips  and  shavings,  so  that  complete  solidity  may 
be  secured.  Upon  this  substratum  a mortar  of  gravel  and  cement 
should  be  spread,  leaving  a depth  of  one  inch  for  half-inch  tiles,  and 
of  one  and  a half  inches  for  one-inch  tiles.  A floating  of  cement  and 
sand,  in  equal  proportions,  should  then  be  spread  one-quarter  of  an 
inch  thick,  over  the  cement  and  gravel  layer.  Upon  this,  when  hard, 
the  tiling  may  be  fixed. 

2.  The  above  method  is  equally  applicable,  as  far  as  requisite,  to 
places  above  a cellar  or  other  opening  below,  provided  a firm  founda- 
tion is  given  by  an  archway  of  brick  or  stone,  or  other  equally  solid 
substance.  But  when  there  is  only  an  ordinary.floor  or  floor-joist, 
it  is  necessary  that  the  surface  of  this  floor  should  be  four  inches 
lower  than  the  surface  of  the  intended  pavement.  There  being,  at 
that  depth,  a strong  flooring  of  plank  or  rough  boards,  the  mixture 
of  cement  and  gravel,  as  above,  may  be  spread  upon  it,  and  finished 
in  the  same  manner. 

3.  Where  it  is  required  to  replace  boarded  flooring  by  tiles,  and 
it  is  impracticable  to  lower  the  joists  to  the  necessary  depth,  as 
mentioned  in  2,  the  floor  boards  maybe  lowered  by  “ cutting  in” 
between  the  joists,  securing  them  below  by  strips  nailed  to  the  sides 
of  the  joist,  so  as  to  leave  a space  three  inches  deep  above  the 
boards,  and  below  the  top  of  the  joists.  The  space  so  obtained  is 
then  to  be  filled  in  between  the  joists  with  the  cement  and  gravel 
mortar,  raising  it  slightly  above  the  joists,,  and  finishing  off  with 
cement  and  sand,  as  described  in  1.  A flat,  level  surface  of  this  last 
coating  may  be  secured  b}^  striking  off  with  a straight  edge,  sup- 


WALL  AND  FLOOR  TILES. 


89 


ported  at  each  end  upon  parallel  strips  either  fixed  to  the  walls,  or 
otherwise  secured  on  a level. 

4.  It  is  not  advisable*  to  lay  tiling  upon  a floor  of  boards,  as  it 
fields  so  much  as  to  loosen  the  tiles. 

5.  For  aflaxing  tiles  to  walls,  it  is  best 'to  remove  the  plastering, 
and  replace  it  by  a coating  of  cement  mortar,  upon  which,  after  set- 
ting, the  tiles  are  imbedded  with  cement.  A space,  one-quarter  of 
an  inch  in  depth,  should  be  left  for  the  purpose. 

6.  Placing  the  tiles.  It  is  best  to  work  from  the  centre  of  the 
space,  and  if  the  design  is  intricate,  to  lay  out  a portion  of  the  pave- 
ment according  to  the  plan,  upon  a smooth  floor  near  bjq  fitting, the 
tiles  together  as  they  are  to  .be  laid.  Lines  being  stretched  over  the 
foundation,  at  right  angles,  the  fixing -may  proceed,  both  the  tiles 
and  the  foundation  being  previously’  soaked  in  cold  water,  to  pre- 
vent the  too  rapid  drying  of  the  cement,  and  to  secure  better 
adhesion.  The  border  should  be  left  until  the  last.  Its  position, 
and  that  of  the  tiles,  are  to  be  obtained  from  the  drawing,  or  by 
measuring  the  tiles  when  laid  loosely  upon  the  floor.  The  cement 
for  fixing  should  be  mixed  thin,  in  small  quantities,  and  without 
sand.  It  is  best  to  float  the  tiles  to  their  places,  so  as  to  exclude 
air  and  fill  all  the  space  between  them  and  the  foundation. 

For  fixing  tiles  in  grate-cheeks,  sides  and  backs  of  fireplaces,  etc., 
equal  parts  of  sand,  plaster  of  Paris  and  hair  mortar  may  be  used. 
These  materials  should  be  mixed  with  hot  glue  to  the  consistency  of 
mortar.  The  tiles  should  be  well  soaked  in  warm  water. 

Tiles  may  be  cut  in  the  following  manner : Draw  a line  with  a 
pencil  or  sharp  point  where  the  break  is  desired ; then,  placing  the 
tile  upon  a form  board,  or  imbedding  it  in  sand  on  a flag-stone,  tap  it 
moderately  with  a sharp  chisel  and  a hammer  along  the  line,  back 
and  forth,  or  scratch  it  with  a file.  The  tile  may  then  be  broken  in 
the  hand  by  a gentle  blow  at  the  back.  The  edges,  if  required,  may 
be  smoothed  by  grinding,  or  by  rubbing  with  sand  and  water  on  a 
flat  stone. 

Cement  should  not  be  allowed  to  harden  upon  the  surface  of  the 
tile  if  it  can  be  prevented,  as  it  is  diflicult  to  remove  it  after  it  has 
set.  Stains  of  cement,  or  the  thin  coating  which  is  almost  unavoida- 
ble, upon  the  surface  of  the  tiles  after  laying,  may’  be  removed  by 
a dilute  solution  of  hy’drochloric  acid,  to  be  obtained  of  any  druggist, 
and  then  washing  with  warm  water. 

• Mosaic  Pavements  and  Pictures. 

The  finest  example  of  mosaic  paving,  at  least  upon  a largo 
scale,  wnis  to  bo  seen  in  the  vestibule  of  the  Imperial  Pavil- 
ion, laid  down  by  Italian  workmen. 

12  , 


90 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Ill  the  Russian  section,  Alexander  Froloff  exhibited  a pic- 
ture of  St.  Catherine,  and  Jean  Bouroiikhine  one  of  St.  Ana- 
stasius,  and  of  Jesus  blessing  little  children.  All  of  these 
mosaic  pictures  are  from  the  original,  by  Professor  Nelf,  and 
are  intended  for  the  Isaac  Cathedral.  The  same  artists,  and 
others  of  the  Imperial  Mosaic  Work^  at  St.  Petersburg,  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1867.  The  tes- 
serae are  more  vitreous  than  ordinary  tile  material,  and  are 
made  at  the  Imperial  Glass  Works.  The  mosaic  establish- 
ment was  started  in  Rome  in  1846,  and  was  transferred  to 
St.  Petersburg  in  1856,  and  connected  with  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts. 

Minton,  Hollins  & Company,  exhibited  three  or  more 
mosaic  pieces,  Nos.  85,  86,  and  87,  suitable  for  church  or 
domestic  pavements.  They  were  in  the  form  of  slabs,  wfth 
encaustic  (inlaid)  centre-pieces. 

A considerable  quantity  of  smaller  mosaic  tiles  (tesserae) 
were  shown,  but  no  information  concerning  them  could  be 
obtained.  The  form  was  triangular,  about  an  inch  on  a side, 
and  the  c’olors  chiefly  blue  and  yellow.  There  were  also  large 
blue  and  white  tiles,  some  with  raised  Moresque  designs. 

The  art,  as  we  have  seen,  was  carried  into  Britain  by  the 
Romans,  and  appears  to  have  been  the  forerunner  of  the  tile 
pavements.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  the  most 
perfect  tessene  are  now  made  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
same  materials  used  for  the  encaustic  tiles.  The  colors  and 
the  methods  of  manufacture  are  the  same,  the  difference  being 
in  the  size.  The  sizes,  as  made  by  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins 
& Co.,  vary  from  little  cubes,  one-sixteenth  and  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  square  to  one-half  of  an  inch  square,  and  even  larger 
for  some  purposes.  They  are  made  square,  triangular,  and 
of  various  shapes,  and  in  all  shades  of  color. 

The  difiiculty  and  the  cost  of  setting  these  tessene  depend 
upon  their  size  and  the  nature  of  the  design.  A given  design 
being  furnished,  and  the  size  of  the  mosaic  when  finished,  the 
Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins  & Co.,  form  it  in  slabs,  each  meas.- 
uring  about  one  yard  square  and  two  and  one-half  inches  in 
thickness,  convenient  to  handle  and  transport  and  to  place  in 
the  intended  position.  This  is  the  method  usually  followed 


HOOFING  TILES. 


91 


for  large  pieces  of  work,  suck  as  the  frieze  at  the  Albert 
Hall.  This  firm  has  rooms  with  broad  platforms,  specially 
fitted  up  for  this  kind  of  art  work,  and,  when  desired,  appro- 
priate designs  are  furnished  for  any  position  or  size  of  the  in- 
tended mosaic. ' 

This  is  an  important  branch  of  art,  which  is  destined  to 
occupy  a much  larger  share  of  attention  than  has  been 
hitherto  given.  The  mosaics  are  especially  adapted  to  rere- 
dos  friezes,  chancel  pavements,  entrance  halls,  doorways, 
porches,  and  in  panels  for  mural  decoration.  A number  of 
pictures  and  figures,  worked  at  the  rooms  of  Messrs.  M.,  H. 
& Co.,  are  exhibited  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum.  In 
the  frieze  of  the  Koyal  Albert  Hall  there  are  over  five  thou- 
sand square  feet  covered  with  mosaic,  and  the  average  size  of 
the  tesserae  does  not  exceed  half  an  inch  square.  In  the 
London.  International  Exhibition  of  1871  there  was  an  inter- 
esting variety  of  specimens  of  mosaic  work  by  Maw  & Co., 
W.  B.  Simpson  & Co.,  and  Minton,  Hollins  & Co.  The  ob- 
jects embraced  such  designs  as  the  Lord’s  Supper,  head  of 
Isaiah,  emblems  of  the  evangelists,  etc. 

’•  Eoofing  Tiles. 

Thk  firm  also  manufacture  a very  ornamental  roofing  tile, 
of  three  shapes,  as  shown  by  the  figures,  and  of  a variety  of 
colors,  — either  those  of  the  plain,  un- 
glazed body,  such  as  black,  chocolate, 
or  red,  or  enamelled  with  opaque  glaze, 
in  blue,  green,  orange,  or  white.  Such 
tiles  are  suitable  for  ornamental  cottages  where  the  roof  is 
a conspicuous  feature,  for  school-houses,  boat-houses,  turrets, 
conservatories,  etc.  They  are  very  strong  and  indestructible, 
and  make  a good  roof.  The  plain  are  sold  as  low  as  two- 
pence each ; the  glazed  at  threepence,  and  the  enamelled  at 
fourpence  each,  all  at  the  works.  The  large  roof  of  St. 
Stephen’s  Church  in  Vienna  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  of 
the  use  of  colored  tiles  for  roofing. 

Some  green  bottle-glass  tiles  were  seen  in  the  Hungarian 
•section,  about  16  inches  long,  5 inches  wide,  and  |th  inch 
thick.  Each  tile  has  a projection  on  the  under  side,  which 
serves  to  hold  it  upon  the  roof. 


92 


EXPOSITIOIS^  AT  VIENNA. 


Porcelain  Stove  Tiles. 

The  so-called  ” porcelain  ” or  German  stoves,  familiar  to 
those  who  have  resided  in  Germany,  Austria  or  Hungary, 
were  extensively  exhibited  in  the  Austrian  and  Prussian  sec- 
tions. The  material  is  not  porcelain,  but  earthenware, 
moulded  into  tiles  or  hollow  bricks  about  six  or  eight  inches 
square  and  several  inches  thick.  They  are  made  in  a great 
variety  of  ornamental  forms,  and  are  generally  glazed  on  the 
outer  or  exposed  face,  either  white, — which  is  most  common, 
— -or  brown,  red,  green,  or  black.  Besides  the  ordinary  flat- 
faced tiles,  they  are  made  with  incised  or  raised  designs,  or 
are  moulded  in  high  relief,  so  that  when  combined  they  form 
recessed  panels  or  projecting  flllets  and  mouldings,  in  a 
variety  of  architectural  patterns. 

The  back  portion  of  the  tile  exposed  to  the  fire  or  heated  gases 
rising  from  it,  is  perforated  and  peculiarly  shaped,  so  as  to 
expose  a large  surface  and  make  a series  of  tubular  openings 
favorable  to  the  absorption  of  the  heat  in  the  body  of  the  tile. 

The  shape  of  the  stove  formed  of  these  tiles  varies  with  the 
taste  of  the  fabricaut  and  the  demands  of  the  consumer. 

The  annexed  figure,  from  one  of  the 
stoves  made  by  J.  Fischer  of  Pesth, 
Hungary,  and  the  succeeding  illustra- 
tions, will  give  a good  idea  of  the 
general  appearance  of  such  stoves. 
They  are  generally  from  six  -to  eight 
or  ten  feet  high,  with  a breadth  of 
three  or  four  feet.  Usually  there  is 
a deep  recess  above  the  fire-space,  or 
an  opening  quite  through,  the  stove 
being  divided  in  that  portion,  into 
the  parts  united  above  by  an  entab- 
lature and  cornice.  Cylindrical  or 
columnar  stoves  are  also  made ; in- 
deed, the  modifications  are  numer- 
ous, to  conform  to  the  varying  taste 
or  fashion  of  the  time.  Lower  and 
broader  stoves  are  now  coming  into 
use,  with  huge  openings  in  front,  so  that  the  fire  may  be 


POECELAIN  STOVE  TILES. 


93 


seen  and  enjoyed  as  in  an  open  fireplace,  while  the  heat  is 
much  better  utilized.  The  accompanying  figures  are  from 


the  designs  exhibited  in  the  Austrian  section  by  Joseph  de 
Ceute  of  Vienna,  but  give  only  a faint  idea  of  the  variety 
and  beauty  of  the  stoves  which  he  manufictures.  The  lower 
and  broader  forms  are  from  four  to  five  feet  across  the  fiT)nt, 
and  much  resemble  the  modern  low  mantels  for  grates.  The 
fittings  in  front,  to  close  the  openings,  are  of  brass,  highly 
polished.  The  exhibitor  gives  the  following  schedule  of 
prices  for  the  ordinary  sizes  of  stoves,  gray  and  white,  deliv- 
ered at  the  establishment  in  Vienna  : — 


Height, 


Breadth  of 
Base, 
Indies.. 


Price  in  Florins. 


Gray. 


AVhite. 


Height, 

Indies. 


Breadth  of 
Base, 
Indies. 


Price  in  Florins. 


Gray. 


AVhite. 


Cl 

65 

68 

72 


18 

20 

22 

24 


35 

42 

50 

60 


38 

45 

55 

65 


74 

78 

82 


26 

26 

28 

30 


80 

90 

100 

120 


90 

100 

120 

140 


94 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  dimensions  are  given  in  inches,  and  the  price,  in 
Austrian  florins,  equivalent  to  about  fifty  cents  in  currency. 
The  price  of  packing  ranges  from  six  florins  upward, 
according  to  the  size  of  the  stove. 

Another  very  interesting  display  of  stoves  of  this  descrip- 
tion, and  particularly  of  the  tiles  in  great  variety,  was  made 
by  Bernhard  Erndt,  (court  potter)  Vienna,  whose  manu- 
factory is  in  the  ix.  Bezisk,  Rossau,  Pramergasse,  No.  25. 
The  patterns  of  his  tiles  are  peculiarly  attractive,  many 
being  deeply  recessed  and  enamelled  in  bright  colors, — 
brown,  green,  blue,  white  and  variegated.  The  stoves  and 
stove-tiles  made  in  Berlin  are  in  high  repute,  and  are  even 
imported  to  Vienna.  They  are  to  be  seen,  among  other 
places  in  that  city,  in  the  rooms  of  the  Engineers-  and 
Architects’  Association. 

It  is  evident  that  the  manufacture  of  "porcelain  stoves,” 
the  tiles  for  them,  and  the  fitting,  constitute  important 
branches  of  industry  in  the  German  speaking  countries. 
Such  stoves,  especially  as  now  made,  and  susceptible  of 
further  improvements,  have  many  great  advantages  over 
other  heating  apparatus,  and  might  be  introduced  with  suc- 
cess in  some  sections  of  the  United  States.  The  following 
are  some  of  their  ntierits,  as  compared  with  the  ordinary 
cast  or  sheet-iron  stoves  for  heating  apartments. 

1.  Not  being  good  conductors  of  heat,  they  radiate  it 
slowly  and  without  sudden  changes ; and  being  bulky  they 
retain  heat  for  a long  time,  and  maintain  an  equable,  mod- 
erate temperature  in  the  apartment,  even  long  after  the 
fire  has  burned  out. 

2.  They  do  not  scorch  and  "burn  the  air,”  or  the  float- 
ing particles  of  dust  in  it,  as  is  the  case  with  highly-heated 
metallic  stoves. 

3.  They  combine  to  a great*  degree  the  advantages  of 
an  open  fireplace  and  of  a stove,  giving  ventilation,  per- 
mitting the  fire  to  be  seen,  while  most  of  the  heat  is, util- 
ized, being  stored  up  in  the  mass  of  the  tiles  and  slowly 
radiated.  Doubtless  such  stoves  would  fail  to  satisfy  those 
who  require  a red-hot  surface,  super-heated  air,  and  little 
ventilation ; but  many  improvements  might  be  made,  so  that 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


95 


all  the  heat*  which  wholesome  conditions  require  can  be 
obtained  without  difficulty  and  with  great  economy. 

Keference  should  here  be  made  to  the  highly  ornamental 
tile  stove  exhibited  by  Messrs.  Minton,  Hollins  & Co., 
No.  107  of  their  list,  already  referred  to.  It  was  specially 
designed  for  the  cabin  of  a yacht,  and  was  an  example  of 
the  use  of  tiles  for  overlaying  metal  stoves,  or  frames, 
rather  than  as  constituting  the  body  of  the  stove  or  chief 
repository  of  the  heat. 

lY. . Terea-Cott  a — B rick. 

At  each  succeeding  great  Exhibition,  the  importance  of 
the  industry  of  brick  appears  to  be  more  fully  recognized 
and  represented.  Always  interesting  to  constructors,  it 
becomes  more  generally  so  to  the  public  as  attention  is 
more  and  more  directed  to  ornamental  forms  and  colors. 
This  tendency  happily  exists,  and,  as  we  shall  see,  has 
already  resulted  in  Europe  in  the  production  of  a variety 
of  very  useful  forms  of  building  brick,  of  enamelled  brick, 
and  of  elaborate  decorative  work  in  terra-cotta,  both  plain 
and  enamelled,  in  colors. 

Brick  Industry — United  States. 

An  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  brick  industry  in  the 
United  States  may  be  obtained  from  the  statistics  collected 
for  the  last  census.  According  to  the  reports,  there  are 
3,114  establishments  for  making  brick,  with  372  steam- 
engines,  aggregating  10,333  horse-power;  19  water-wheels, 
218  horse-power,  and  43,293  persons  employed.  Capital 
invested,  $20,504,238;  wages  paid,  $10,768,853;  materials 
used  valued  at  $7,413,097,  and  value  of  the  product  $29,- 
028,359. 

Massachusetts  has  107  establishments,  2,901  hands  em- 
plo3^ed.  Capital  invested,  $2,435,310;  value  of  materials 
used,  $978,508,  and  value  of  i)roduct,  $2,251,984.  Of  brick 
and  tilemakers  together,  26,070  are  reported  ; aud  tlie  total 
value  of  the  products,  $29,302,016,  against  $12,263,147  in 
1860. 


96 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Of  common  brick,  2,801,832,000  were  niade,  and  37,- 
428,000  pressed  brick  and  60,072,000  fire-brick.  In 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  alone,  the  product  is  commonly 
believed  to  exceed  one  hundred  millions  (100,000,000) 
annually. 

Terra-Cotta. 

In  the  industry  of  architectural  terra-cotta  we  have  a 
revival  of  a most  ancient  art,  practised  by  the  Egyptians, 
Assyrians,  and  the  Chaldeans ; familiar  to  the  Greeks  and 
Pomans  ; and  not  unknowli  in  Europe  in  the  middle  ages. 
Terra-cotta  enamelled  decorated  surfiices  in  colors  are  also 
ancient.  Beckwith  says:-  ”The  distinctive  feature  of  Baby- 
lonian architecture  is  the  profuse  employment  of  colored  dec- 
oration. The  temple  towers  of  the  Chaldeans  were  built  in 
many  stories,  faced  with  enamelled  bricks  of  colors  corres- 
ponding to  the  planets.  In  the  Temple  of  the  Moon  at 
Mughier,  bricks  or  tiles,  glazed  with  a blue  enamel,  were 
fastened  externally  to  walls  of  burnt  brick.  The  domestic 
dwellings  of  the  Chaldeans  were  ornamented  externally  by 
diapered  patterns  of  colored  bricks,  and  internally  with  col- 
ored cones  of  terra-cotta.”  * The  colors  used  in  ancient 
Egyptian  decoration  were  red,  yellow,  blue  and  green. 
Black  and  white  were  added. 

The  greatly  increased  use  of  terra-cotta  dates  from  the 
commencement  of  the  last  decade,  and  it  has  been  steadily 
finding  favor  with  architects  and  the  public.  When  proj)- 
erly  made  it  has  great  strength, — even  greater  than  many 
kinds  of  stone  used  for  building, — and,  as  regards  durability, 
it  is  superior.  Mr.  Henry  Cole  says  : ” It  is  more  durable 
than  even  ordinary  granite,  as  may  be  seen  on  the  lodge  in 
Merrion  Square,  Dublin,  which  was  built  about  1786.  The 
granite  mouldings  there  are  cut  in  stone  from  the  Wicklow 
mountains  ; they  are  all  worn  away  and  rounded  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  rain,  while  Coade’s  terra-cottas,  dated  1788,  are 
as  sharp  as  when  they  were  first  placed  on  this  lodge.”  f 
Another  example  is  found  in  Sutton  House,  in  Surrey,  which 
is  covered  with  terra-cotta,  ornamented  about  the  year  1530 

* Pottery,  Terra-Cotta,  Stoneware,  Fire-Brick,  etc.,  by  Arthur  Beckwith,  p.  86. 
t Reports  on  the  Paris  Universal  Exhibition,  1867,  II.,  415. 


TEKRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


97 


by  Torrigiano  or  his  pupils.  They  still  show  the  marks  of 
the  modelling  tool.  Terra-cotta,  like  bricks  and  tiles,  is 
practically  indestructible  by  ordinary  agencies,  and  this  qual- 
ity alone  should  commend  it  particularly  for  fine  ornaments, 
capitals,  bas-reliefs,  cornices,  window-caps,  etc.  It  is  ad- 
mirably adapted  for,  and  is  chiefiy  used  in,  combination  with 
brick.  Examples  abound  in  the  chief  cities  of  Europe, 
notably  in  the  modern  public  buildings  of  London,  Berlin 
and  Vienna,  The  Koj^al  Albert  Hall  and  the  South  Kensing- 
ton Museum  in  London  are  familiar.  It  is  now  largely  used 
in  Vienna  for  decoration,  especially  for  figures,  balustrades, 
consoles,  and  bas-reliefs  for  insertion  in  walls. 

The  industry  was  largely  represented  in  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion of  1867,  in  the  London  International  Exhibition  of  1871, 
and  at  the  Exhibition  in  Vienna.  It  is  gratifying  that  the 
industry  is  already  firmly  established  in  the  United  States, 
and  that  it  bids  fair  to  assume  large  proportions,  particularly 
in  the  Western  States,  where  suitable  building  stone  cannot 
be  readily  and  cheaply  obtained. 

Terra-Cotta  at  Vienna. 

Vienna  Brick  and  Building  Company. — The  great  brick 
and  tile  company  of  Vienna — the  " Wienerberger  Ziegel- 
fabriks  und  Baugesellschaft  ” — made  an  exhibition  worthy  of 
its  reputation  as  the  most  extensive  brick  and  terra-cotta 
manufacturing  concern  in  the  world.  It  erected  an  artistic 
triumphal  arch  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  space,  partly  en- 
closed by  the  art  buildings, — a sort  of  gate-way  or  entrance 
to  the  Art  Department  from  the  east, — which  not  only  added 
to  the  fine  architectural  effects  of  that  group  of  buildings,  but 
gave  the  company  the  opportunity  to  display  their  varied 
architectural  productions  to  the  best  advantage.  This  arch, 
high  and  broad  enough  for  a carriage-way  and  transverse 
arched  portals,  was  constructed  wholly  of  the  red  and  drab 
bricks  made  by  the  company,  with  ornaments  of  terra-cotta, 
such  as  cornices,  mouldings,  statues,  bas-reliefs,  and  medal- 
lions,— some  plain,  others  enamelled  in  colors.  The  various 
forms  of  bricks  were  well  displayed  in  this  arch,  in  the  cor- 
nices, in  the  door-jamhs  and  vaulted  roof,  the  bricks  being  so 
perfect  in  form  and  finish  that,  when  well  laid,  no  surface- 
13 


98 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


plastering  or  decoration  is  required.  The  joints  of  this  work 
were  made  with  great  care,  the  mortar  being  fr.eel}^  used, 
but  uniform  in  thickness  in  each  course,  and  rounded  over 
between  the  bricks.*  The  joints  are  striped  in  black,  con- 
trasting well  with  the  buff  color  of  the  bricks.  A variety  of 
designs  was  introduced  in  the  entablatures  and  pilasters, 
chiefly  in  the  Rennaissance ; those  on  one  side  being  plain 
red,  and  on  the  other  enamelled. in  colors.  Medallions  were 
inserted  in  the  facade,  and  terra-cotta  groups  of  figures 
adorned  the  top. 

Within  the  area  of  this  construction,  below,  there  was  room 
enough  for  the  exhibition,  on  tables  and  counters,  of  the 
various  articles  made  by  the  company.  Bricks,  of  all  the 
varieties  and  forms,  were  to  be  found  there  : some  plain, 
some  enamelled  white,  blue,  or  green;  some  wedge-shaped, 
for  arches,  and  many  with  rounded,  curved,  and  moulded 
angles,  designed  for  the  ornamentation  of  window-openings, 
for  string-courses,  and  other  parts  of  buildings.  Here,  too, 
were  to  be  found  a variety  of  decorative  objects  in  bold  re- 
lief, such  as  bas-reliefs,  slabs,  fillets,  parts  of  cornices  and 
medallions,  designed  for  insertion  in  the  facades  of  buildings, 
— the  same,  in  fact,  as  were  shown  in  their  proper  settings  in 
the  front  of  the  archway.  Ail  these  were  noteworthy  for 
their  boldness  and  elegance  of  design,  sharpness  of  relief  and 
brilliant  coloring,  fitting  them  for  decorative  purposes  high  up 
in  the  fronts  of  buildings.  The  company  also  exhibited  a 
variety  of  tiles  for  paving  and  for  roofing  purposes,  the  latter 
being  either  plain  or  glazed  in  a variety  of  colors,  thus  facilitat- 
ing the  chromatic  decoration  of  roofs.  There  were  also  small 
hollow  bricks  with  glazed  faces.  A majolica  wall-fountain  is 
worthy  of  mention,  and  was  purchased  by  the  Austrian  Art 
Museum  for  its  collection. 

A large  part  of  this  collection — the  smaller  objects,  bricks, 
tiles,  fillets,  etc. — was  presented  by  the  company  to  the 

* The  quantity  of  mortar  used  in  laying  hricks  varies  in  different  countries.  Much, 
of  course,  depends  upon  the  form  of  the  brick.  If  they  are  warped  or  curved;  if,  as 
is  generally  the  case  even  Avith  pressed  brick,  the  corners  “ droop,”  the  thickness  of 
the  bedding  must  be  sufficient  to  permit  an  average  adjustment  in  the  course  to  a 
level  surface.  In  coarse  work  in  France  the  ratio  in  volume  of  the  joints  or  mortar 
to  the  whole  mass  of  masonry  is,  as  17  or  18  to  100.  But  in  finer  work,  Avhere  a bet- 
ter quality  of  mortar  or  plaster  is  used,  the  ratio  is  reduced  to  10  or  12  to  100. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


99 


United  States  Centennial  Commission  for  exhibition  in  1876, 
and  to  be  afterwards  deposited  in  the  Permanent  Museum. 

The  enamelled  plaques,  panels,  pilasters,  and  fillets  are 
beautiful.  In  the  facade,  door-jambs  and  window-casings  of 
the  new  university  buildings  in  Vienna,  they  have  been  freely 
used,  with  fine  eflect. 

It  is  gratifying  to  note  this  modern  revival  of  the  ancient 
art,  kept  alive  in  the  sixteenth  century  by  the  genius  of  Luca 
della  Kobbia,  and  now  capable  of  almost  indefinite  expansion, 
since  the  knowledge  of  the  composition  of  colored  enamels  is 
no  longer  a secret.  Of  the  beauty  of  such  enamelled  terra- 
cottas there  can  be  no  question,  and  their  durability  is  estab- 
lished by  experience.  Witness  the  ancient  enamels  of  As- 
syria and  Egypt,  as  well  as  the  works  of  della  Kobbia, 
preserved  in  collections.  The  South  Kensington  Museum 
has  more  than  fifty  examples.  One  of  the  choicest  specimens 
is  the  medallion,  eleven  feet  in  diameter,  supposed  to  have 
been  made  in  the  year  1453.  It  bears  the  arms  of  King 
Kene  of  Anjou,  surrounded  by  a massive  border  of  fruit  and 
foliage.  It  was  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  weather  for 
more  than  four  hundred  years,  fixed  in  the  front  wall  of  a 
villa  near  Florence.  Good  specimens  of  the  della  Kobbia 
ware  are  to  be  found  also  in  the  Athenaeum  in  Boston,  and 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  in  New  York. 

The  terra-cotta  ware,  building  ornaments,  majolica,  etc., 
of  the  Vienna  Company  is  manufactured  in  a separate  estab- 
lishment at  Inzersdorf.  The  clay  of  that  locality  produces  a 
ware  that  not  only  has  great  strength  and  resists  the  weather, 
but  has  a pleasing  stone  color,  which  harmonizes  so  well  with 
the  usual  tone  of  the  buildings  that  the  figures  do  not  need 
coloring  or  painting. 

The  variety  of  the  figures  and  decorative  objects  is  very 
great.  The  sample-book  contains  242  pages  of  closely 
printed  lithographic  designs,  about  2,000  in  number.  The 
models,  of  which  the  company  has  a great  number,  are  all 
made  from  drawings  by  the  most  eminent  architects,  and  are 
exquisite  in  design.  The  possession  of  such  a stock  of  pat- 
terns insures,  practically,  a monopoly  of  the  business.  A 
large  proportion  of  the  decorative  figures  seen  in  the  fac^ades 
of  the  splendid  buildings  adorning  the  King  Strasse  and  over 


100 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


the  arched  portals  is  from  this  establishment.  The  list  com- 
prises a great  variety  of  brackets,  consoles,  capitals,  balusters. 


medallions,  reclining  figures  over  arched 
openings,  bas-reliefs,  colossal  figures  of 
Apollo,  Venus,  Minerva,  Flora,  Hebe, 
etc.*  A few  illustrations  selected  from 
the  sample-book  are  here  introduced. 

The  figure  of  a miner  in  the  established 
costume,  with  pickaxe  over  the  shoulder. 


* Of  these  beautiful  figures,  Dr.  Barnard,  in  his  admirable  Report  on  the  Indus- 
trial Arts  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1867,  observes,  p.  359 : “ Mr.  Drasche  exhibited 
one  of  the  most  attractive  collections  of  bas-reliefs  statues,  vases,  architectural  and 
other  ornaments  in  the  Exposition,  all  of  them  formed  in  terra-cotta.  His  display 
was  as  remarkable  for  the  great  number  of  beautiful  objects  which  it  contained  as  for 
the  taste  with  which  they  had  been  designed.  They  were  bought  up  by  visitors  with 
eagerness,  and  only  a few  weeks  had  elapsed  after  the  opening  of  the  Exposition  be- 
fore nearly  every  object  in  the  whole  collection  bore  the  mark,  which  in  all  quarters 
grew  more  and  more  familiar  every  day,  ‘ sold.’  All  these  beautiful  productions 
were  baked  in  the  Hoffmann  furnaces  of  Mr.  Drasche’s  establishment.” 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


101 


lamp  in  hand,  and  the  leather  apron  behind.  This  is  made 
of  two  sizes:  the  smaller  being  one  foot  two  inches  high. 


the  other  three  feet  six 
inches,  and  both  suitable 
as  ornaments  in  mining- 
schools,  museums  and  res- 
idences. There  are  also 
figures  in  similar  style 
typical  of  agriculture  and 
forestry. 

Suits  of  armor,  in  a dozen  or  more  different  styles,  are 
produced  for  the  exterior  decoration  of  the  gateways  of 
castles  or  vestibules  and  halls  in  the  interior.  Being  prac- 
tically indestructible  by  the  weather,  they  can  be  freely 
exposed.  It  would  be  easy,  if  desired,  to  cover  such 
groups  for  interior  decoration  with  metallic  paints  or  bronze- 
powders,  in  imitation. of  steel  or  iron. 


102 


EXPOSITIOX  AT  VIENNA. 


The  arched  entrances  to  the  Vienna  buildinofs,  leadinsf  into 
the  interior  courts,  aftbrd  suitable  places  on  either  side,  in 

niches,  for  groups  of 
statuary.  These  are 
supplied  in  part  by  this 
establishment.  A draw- 
ing of  one  out  of  an 
inimitable  group  of  four 
pieces  is  here  given. 

merce  and  manufac- 
tures, gardening  and 
agriculture,  science  and 
art,  hunting  and  fish- 
ing. The  height  of 
each  piece  is  three  feet 
five  inches ; breadth, 
two  feet  five  inches ; 
and  depth,  one  foot  four 
inches. 

The  terra-cotta  productions  of  this  establishment  are  to 
be  seen  not  only  in  the  principal  public  buildings  and  pal- 
aces of  Vienna,  but  abound  in  Prague,  Pesth,  in  Athens, 
Smyrna  and  Bucharest.  They  are  exported  to  Germany, 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Russia,  Turkey,  Asia  and  America. 

In  this  branch  of  their  business  the  company  employ 
three  hundred  and  fifty  workmen,  and  four  large  burning 
ovens  twenty-two  feet  in  diameter  for  the  large  pieces  of 
terra-cotta  ware,  besides  smaller  ovens  and  mufiles  for 
burning-in  the  colors  of  the  majolica  ware. 

The  company  have  two  extensive  depots  for  their  goods 
in  Vienna,  besides  a stock  of  samples  for  exhibition  in  the 
lower  story  of  the  engineer’s  and  architect’s  building. 
The  transportation  from  the  works  is  by  railways,  canals, 
and  common  roads.  There  are  also  local  tramways,  upon 
which  horses  are  used.  There  are  about  nine  hundred 
horses  belonging  to  the  company. 


They  represent  com- 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


103 


Vienna  Brick  Manufacture. 

The  nature  of  the  brick  made  by  the  company  has 
already  been  explained  in  part,  in  describing  their  remark- 
able exhibition.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  they  make 
almost  every  standard  form  of  brick,  for  corners,  cornices 
and  arches,  similar  to  those  made  by  the  Rennberg  Works 
in  Berlin,  of  which  a full  suite  of  figures  is  given  beyond. 
The  glazed  and  enamelled  bricks  appear  well,  and  wdll,  no 
doubt,  be  largely  used  in  exterior  and  interior  decoration ; 
and,  also,  for  walls  of  dairies,  kitchens,  stables,  and  simi- 
lar places,  the  walls  of  which  require  washing. 

The  manufacture  of  bricks  and  tiles  in  the  Vienna  valley 
undoubtedly  dates  from  the  occupation  by  the  Romans, 
seventy  years  after  Christ.  Excavations  in  the  old  city 
bring  to  light  quantities  of  bricks,  of  various  sizes  and 
forms,  and  among  them  those  of  Roman  make,  bearing  the 
date  of  xiii.  (^gemini)  and  x.  (igro  fidelis)  Legions.  The 
collections  of  antiquities  at  Vienna  contain  many  of  these 
bricks  remarkable  for  their  perfect  preservation,  every  angle 
and  line  being  as  sharp  as  when  they  were  taken  from  the 
kiln."*^  They  are  generally  thin  compared  with  their 
breadth,  and  are  of  large  size  and  red  color. 

The  excellent  quality  of  the  bricks  made  by  this  company 
is  sufficiently  attested  by  the  large  constructions  in  which 
they  have  been  used,  and  without  change  after  long  expo- 
sure. In  1851,  20,000,000  bricks  were  furnished  under  con- 
tract to  the  Semmering  tunnels  for  the  railway,  and  another 
contract  for  40,000,000  for  the  public  works  at  Vienna  was 
being  filled  at  the  same  time.  The  following  named  well- 
known  edifices  are  constructed  of  these  bricks : The  Impe- 
rial and  Royal  Arsenals  (very  large  structures,  wholly  of 
red  brick),  the  Greek  Church,  Synagogue,  Protestant 
School,  the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  new  University, 
and  the  Austrian  Museum  of  Art  and  Industry. 

* The  most  interesting  of  these  collections  is  perhaps  that  in  the  fourth  cabinet  of 
the  Q.  & R.  Medals  and  Antiquities,  Pctit-Belvcddrc.  The  greater  portion  of  these 
bricks  were  found  at  Vienna  and  at  Pctroncll.  Some  of  them  bear  the  mark 
VINDOB  (onaj)  and  KAR  (nnntum).  In  this  collection  there  are  two  tile-like 
bricks  from  Bagdad,  impressed  with  cnncforni  characters  of  the  time  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, seventh  century  B.  C.  Size,  12  l^y  13  by  3 inches. 


104 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  clay  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities  stratified  in 
beds  of  the  tertiary  epoch,  ranging  from  five  to  sixty  feet 
in  thickness.  Some  of  these  beds  contain  fine  silicious 
sand,  and  others  a small  portion  of  lime.  Some  give 
light  yellow,  or  cream-stone-colored  bricks,  and  others 
red  colored. 

The  usual  size  of  the  Yienna  brick  is  11  inches  long,  5|- 
broad,  2-|  thick,  = 290  X 140  X 65  millimetres,  being  consid- 
erably larger  than  ours. 

The  strength  of  these  bricks  has  been  carefully  ascer- 
tained by  a series  of  experiments  conducted  by  Professor 
Kebhau  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  Vienna,  and  by  Prof. 
J.  Bauschinger  of  the  Mechanical-technical  Laboratory  in 
Munich. 


Besistance  of  Vienna  Brick  to  breaking  strain, 

[Experiments  by  Professor  F.  Rebhau.] 


Breaking  with 
a load  of  zoll 
(inch)  pounds. 

Coefficient  of  Resistance. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  BRICKS. 

Kilos  per  one 
square  c.  m. 

Zoll  (inch) 
pounds  per  one 
square  inch. 

Common, 

. 

1,419 

42 

603 

Common  arch  brick,  . 

. 

2,417 

52 

737 

Ordinary  wall  brick,  . 

. 

2,255 

65 

925 

Red  brick,  . 

• • • « 

1,711 

50 

708 

Yellow, 

. 

2,875 

84 

1,187 

Machine  made. 

. 

1,662 

49 

692 

Machine  made,  hollow, 
holes, 

with  two 

1,785 

54 

766 

Machine  made,  hollow, 
holes, 

with  three 

1,812 

84 

1,194  . 

Hollow  machine  made 
with  sixteen  holes,  . 

arch  brick 

1,307 

39 

554 

TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC 


105 


Tabular  statement  of  the  resistance  to  crushing  of  the  bricks  made  by 
the  Vienna  Company. 

[Experiments  made  by  Professor  J.  Bauschinger.] 


Crushing  load 

Strength  in— 

Name  of  the  Locality  and  Description 
OF  THE  Bricks. 

per  brick  in 
tons  of  1,000 
Kilos. 

Kilos  per 
square  c.  m. 

Zoll  (inch) 
pounds  per  one 
square  inch. 

o 

Wienerberg. 

2,'613 

a.  Ordinary  hand-struck, 

77.5 

188 

b.  Ordinary  machine,  .... 

100.0 

230 

3,197 

c.  Ordinary  wall  brick, 

77.0 

183 

2,544 

2,850 

d.  Yellow  wall  brick,  .... 

80.0 

205 

e.  Yellow  machine  wall  brick,  . 

100.0 

230 

3,197 

f.  Red  wall  brick,  .... 

81.0 

200 

2,780 

g.  Red, 

85.0 

. 195  . 

2,711 

h.  Ordinary  arch  brick. 

48.0 

125 

1,738 

Porous  arch  bricjk^  .... 

100 

27 

375 

Ai.’^Machi lie  brick  with  three  holes. 

19.5 

50 

695 

1.  Machine  arch  brick  with  three  holes. 

5.5 

19 

264 

m.  Clinker, 

53.0 

240 

3,336 

Vosendorf. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

74.5 

180 

2,502 

Leopoldsdorf. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

71.0 

175 

2,433 

Laaerberg  I, 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

96.0 

236 

4,281 

Laaerberg  II. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

76.5 

196 

2,725 

Laaerwald. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

64.0 

158 

2,196 

Guntramsdorf. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

65.0 

162 

2,252 

Biedermannsdorf. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

78.0 

200 

2,780 

Ilernals. 

Ordinary  hand-struck,  .... 

62.0 

158 

2,196 

Ordinary  machine,  .... 

90.0 

205 

2,850 

The  company  published,  in  connection  with  their  costly 
exhibition,  a descriptive  pamphlet,  giving  a short  historical 
. resum(i  of  the  brick  and  tile  manufacture  in  Vienna,  the 
14 


106 


Exrosrnox  at  Vienna. 


origin  of  the  company,  and  the  extent  of  its  operations.* 
It  is  illustrated  by  maps  and  sections,  and  is  altogether  a 
most  commendable  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  industry 
in  Vienna,  and  worthy  of  imitation  by  all  wealthy  corpora- 
tions when,  as  in  duty  bound,  they  participate  in  great  inter- 
national exhibitions. 

The  great  Vienna  brick  and  tile  company,  as  now  orga- 
nized, is  based  upon  the  union  of  several  extensive  establish- 
ments, dating  back. to  the  time  of  Maria  Theresa,  and  before 
it,  and  conducted  in  succession  by  Miesbach  and  by  Drasche. 
In  1851  the  works  of  the  Wiener-berg  occupied  an  area  of 
264|  English  acres,  while  an  area  of  680  English  acres  sup- 
plied the  clay.  There  were  24,930  feet  in  length  of  drying 
sheds  for  the  manufacture  of  ordinary  bricks,  and  8,304  feet 
of  moulding  sheds  for  tiles,  facing  and  ornamental  bricks, 
with  43  kilns,  calculated  to  burn  45,000  to  110,000  bricks  per 
kiln,  or  3,500,000  at  one  time.  Six  establishments  at  that 
time  had  a united  production  of  91,900,000  bricks  annually  ; 
the  Wiener-berg  alone  producing  65,500,000.  There  were 
649  moulding  benches,  and  4,140  persons  employed. 

The  present  organization  was  effected  in  March,  1869, 
under  a nominal  capital  of  7,000,000  florins  (equal  to 
3,500,000  dollars),  in  35,000  shares,  at  200  florins  each. 
Between  6,000  and  7,000  workmen  are  employed,  besides  58 
officers,  36  machinists  and  foremen.  There  are  eight  large 
establishments,  where  the  bricks  and  tiles  are  made,  viz.  : — 

1.  Inzersdorf  M^ienerberger,  the  largest  of  all,  in  six  sec- 
tions ; 2.  Hernals ; 3.  Laaerberge  ; 4.  Laaerwald ; 5.  Leo- 
poldsdorf;  6.  Biedermansdorf ; 7.  Guntramsdorf ; 8.  Vosen- 
dorf, — all  in  the  vicinity  of  Vienna.  The  total  area  devoted 
to  the  manufacture  is  882  joch,  65  square  klafters,  equivalent 
to  about  1,254  acres.  The  annual  production  of  the  works 
is  enormous.  In  the  four  years  from  the  organization  of  the 
company  to  the  end  of  1872  the  production  and  sale  were  as 
follows  : — 

* Die  Wienerberger,  Ziegelfabriks  imd  Baii-Gesellscbaft  zur  zeit  der  "Wiener 
Weltausstelliing,  1873.  Wien,  1873.  Selbstverlag  der  gesellschaft,  Centralbureau : 
Wien  1 ; Elisabethstrasse  6.  8vo.,  p.  92,  with  maps  and  graphic  chart. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


107 


Annual  Production,  Vienna  Brick  and  Tile  Works, 


YEAR. 

Production— pieces. 

Sold— pieces. 

1869, 

134,674,930 

122,117,000 

1870, ........ 

149,457,000 

118,512,000 

1871, . 

147,549,375 

167,418,328 

1872,.  ....... 

166,849,000 

164,313,466 

The  production  can  easily  be  carried  to  200,000,000  of 
bricks  annually.  These  great  results  are  accomplished  by 
the  use  of  labor-saving  machinery  and  furnaces  continuously 
working,  on  Hoffmann’s  system,  33  of  which  are  in  use. 
Over  one  and  one-third  million  hundred-weight  of  different 
kinds  of  brown  coal  and  of  coke  are  consumed  yearly. 

The  receipts,  expenditures,  and  profits  are  no  less  remark- 
able than  the  production,  and  are  as  follows  : — ■ 


Profits  for  four  years,  in  Austrian  fiorins. 


YEAR. 

Receipts. 

Expenditures. 

Balance— profits. 

1869,  .... 

2,946,548.15 

1,917,914.22 

2,558,795.61 

1,028,633.93 

1870,  .... 

3,608,467.87 

1,049,672.26 

1871,  .... 

4,199,500.32 

2,769,657.84 

1,429,842.48 

1872,  .... 

5,256,335.85 

3,119,327.90 

2,137,007.95 

The  company  divided  per  share  in — 


1869, 

florins  15,  corresponding  to  annual  interest  of  15 

per  ct. 

1870, 

“ 15,  “ 

u u 

12| 

per  ct. 

1871, 

“ . 20,  “ 

u a 

16f 

per  ct. 

1872, 

“ 30,  “ 

it  u 

25 

per  ct. 

In  addition,  there  were  placed  to  the  credit  of  the  reserve 
funds,  in — 


1869, 

.1870, 

1871, 

1872, 


76,870.98  florins. 

90.572.34  “ 

141,153.67  “ 

259.358.34  ‘‘ 


108 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


The  lorojectors  and  managers  of  this  great  enterprise  have 
given  special  attention  to  the  well-being  of  their  employes. 
They  have  organized  a pension  system,  hospitals,  schools, 
and  a kindergarten,  concerning  each  of  which,  fnll  details, 
with  sanitary  statistics,  are  given  in  the  publication  before 
mentioned  as  accompanying  their  exhibition,  and  presented 
to  the  international  jnry. 

The  establishment,  before  and  since  the  organization  of  the 
company,  has  been  honored  by  the  following  prizes  or 
awards  : At  the  Industrial  Exhibition,  Vienna,  1845,  and  at 
Pesth,  Hungary,  in  1846,  the  great  gold  medal;  at  the  Lon- 
don Exhibition,  1851,  the  large  gold  medal;  at  Amsterdam, 
1853,  the  great  silver  medal ; at  Munich,  1854,  and  at  Paris, 
1855,  the  large  medal;  so,  also,  the  large  medal  at  the  Ex- 
hibition of  the  GartenhaM-Gesellschaft,  in  Vienna,  1858-1859  ; 
the  great  gold  medal  at  the  International  Exhibition  at  Lon- 
don in  1862,  and  at  Paris  in  1867  ; the  great  prize  medal  at 
the  International  Agricultural  Exhibition,  Vienna,  1866  ; the 
large  medal  of  the  Agricultural  Exhibition,  Modling,  1871. 

Dithmee’s  Brick  and  Clay  Ware  Company. 

The  Actien  Gesellschaet  der  Dithmerschen  Ziegel 
end  Tiionwaaren  Fabrik,  in  Rennherg^  Schleswig-Holstein, 
German  Kingdom,  made  one  of  the  best  exhibitions  of  plain 
and  ornamental  bricks  and  terra-cotta  ornaments,  particularly 
of  cornice,  coping,  moulding  and  arch  brick,  for  corners  of 
buildings  and  door  and  window  openings.  There  were  also 
terra-cotta  columns,  capitals,  pedestals  and  urns. 

This  establishment  dates  from  1782,  and  in  1871  produced 
65,000  thalers’  worth  of  bricks  and  ornaments,  using  21,550 
thalers  in  value  of  raw  materials.  There  are  four  establish- 
ments, with  228  workmen  and  three  steam-engines. 

There  are  three  standard  colors — yellow,  red  and  gray — in 
which  the  various  articles  are  made,  but  they  are  also  enam- 
elled or  glazed,  in  almost  any  desired  color;  but  browns, 
greens,  yellow  and  lilac  are  the  most  common.  All  the 
glazed  bricks  shown  were  perfect  in  form,  with  an  even  coat- 
ing of  color,  and  seemed  particularly  well  adapted  for  decora- 
tive purposes  and  for  walls  where  a clean,  smooth  surface, 
capable  of  being  washed  indefinitely,  is  desired. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


109 


The  fine  exhibition  of  ” shape-bricks,”  in  great  variety, 
merits  special  notice.  The  drawings  appended  render  de- 
scription superfluous.  They  are  from  originals  furnished  by 
the  company.  Architects  and  those  interested  in  construc- 
tion will  see  at  a glance  what  possibilities  in  decorative  con- 
struction such  bricks  afford.  They  are  of  great  importance, 
economically  considered,  in  forming  angles  and  corners,  and 
should  be  extensively  used  in  the  United  States,  where  at- 
tempts at  such  manufacture  are  few  and  far  between.  The 
use  of  such  forms  in  our  public  buildings,  railway  stations, 
etc.,  with  or  without  terra-cotta  slabs  and  ornaments,  could 
not  fail  to  powerfully  influence  public  taste,  thus  impercept- 
ibly but  surely  promoting  art-culture  among  the  people. 

The  hollow-tongued  and  grooved  wall  or  casing  brick 
(Fig.  59)  would  make  a light  wall  of  great  strength,  and 
is  probably  well  adapted  to  partitions. 

All  of  these  drawings  have  been  reduced  to  one-twentieth, 
but  the  little  scale  reduced  equally  with  them  will  indicate 
the  sizes  : — 


(^7  o 

1.  J 

r=---w t 

t 

1 1 T > 1/ 

1 

1 1 1 \ 'A 

lo-in. 

1 

: 

^ 1 

110 


EXPOSmON  AT  VIENNA. 


Berlin — Dithmer's  Terra-Cotta. 

The  beautiful  specimens  of  terra-cotta  by  this  exhibitor 
also  merit  more  than  a passing  mention.  The  illustrations 


presented  are  better  than  any  description,  and  suffice  to 
show  the  high  artistic  character  of  the  designs. 


TERKA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


Ill 


The  following  drawings  show  the  forms  in  which  the 
company  manufacture  paving  tiles  of  excellent  quality,  far 
better  than  the  ordinary  paving  brick  in  common  use  in  the 
United  States,  for  want  of  forms  better  adapted  to  the  pur- 


pose. 


Ringoeen-Ziecelei  der  Stadtgemeinde  , Troppau.  This 
establishment  exhibited  in  the  Austrian  court  a series  of 
remarkably  smooth  and  well-formed  pressed  red  brick,  and 
square  slabs,  and  paving  tiles.  The  latter  were  both  yellow 
and  red,  in  hexagons,  about  eight  inches  across ; and  in 
rhombs,  same  size,  and  two  and  a half  inches  thick.  A 
fine  eflect  is  produced  by  laying  the  two  colors  alternately. 
The  large  slabs  were  twelve  inches  square  and  three  inches 
thick.  A variety  of  angle  and  cornice  bricks  were  also 
shown.  The  ordinary  brick  shown  measured  about  Ilf  X 
6x3  inches,  or  say  12x6x3  inches. 


Perforated  Brick — England. 

George  Jennings  Pooee,  Dorset,  England,  exhibited  a 
variety  of  perforated  bricks,  red  and  of  a light  gray  color, 

about  9x3x2  inches, 
and  some  square  slabs  9 
inches  each  way  and  2 
inches  thick.  The  open- 
ings are  numerous  and 
ornamental,  as  shown  in 
the  annexed  cuts,  and  ex- 
tend through  the  brick  from  side  to  side.  These  bricks 
are  evidently  made  in  machines  similar  to  those  used  for 
drain  tiles.  They 
are  very  light,  re- 
quire much  less 
material  than  solid 
brick,  and  appear 


112 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


to  be  strong.  Some  perforated  curved  bricks  like  the 
figure,  16x4x2  inches,  were  also  in  the  collection. 

Curved  channel  tiles 
for  open  drains  or 
gutters,  by  the  same 
exhibitor,  merit  at- 
tention. These  are 
made  in  three  parts, 
fitted  together  longi- 
tudinally, and  are  of 
several  sizes,  all  of 
them  with  large  open- 
ings in  the  body,  effecting  a great 
saving  of  material  and  giving  light- 
ness and  strength. 

Dovetailed  Bricks. — France. 

Mr.  E.  Pavy,  of  Chateau  du  Claveau,  near  Mezieres-en- 
Brenne  (Indre),  France,  exhibited  a novel  invention,  for 
which  he  has  taken  out  a patent  in  France,  consisting  of 
bricks  formed  with  dovetailed  recesses  in  each  end,  so  that 
two  bricks  may  be  locked  together  by  a third  piece  which  fits 
into  the  two  opposite  openings.  * 

The  dimensions  of  the  ordinary  bricks  are  stated  as 
0“-25 X 0“*12 X 0“*06,  which  is  about  9|x4|x2|  inches. 
The  locking-piece  or  dovetail  is  about  five  inches  long. 

The  inventor  claims  for  these  bricks  that  they  permit  of  the 
rapid  construction  of  walls  of  a single  course  having  not  only 
lightness  but  great  strength  ; or  of  thick  walls,  of  two  courses 
of  the  brick,  with  an  air-space  between,  giving  greater 
strength  than  is  obtained  in  ordinary  constructions  using  two 
or  three  times  as  much  material,  and  consequently  requiring 
more  carting,  more  time,  labor  and  expense.  The  circular 
brick  are  designed  for  round  towers  and  ehimneys,  and  ap- 
pear to  be  favored  by  the  exhibitor  as  an  attractive  mode  of 
finishing  the  corners  of  constructions,  an  ideal  house  being 
figured  by  him  with  a round  tower  at  each  corner. 

Window  frames  of  oak,  or  iron,  are  made  with  a dove- 
tailed recess  in  the  sides,  into  which  the  small  locking-piece 
is  fitted,  thereby  forming  a tight  joint  and  holding  the 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


113 


frame  firmly  in  its  place.  For  rectangnlar  buildings,  with- 
out towers  at  the  corners,  angle  bricks  are  specially  made. 

The  inventor  claims  that  the  circular  brick  are  especially 
valuable  for  towers,  tall  chimnneys,  light-houses,  reservoirs 
for  grain  and  for  water  conduits,  cisterns,  tubs  for  distill- 
ers, dyers,  etc.  Some  of  these  claims  seem  fanciful  and 
not  duly  sustained  by  experience,  being  apparently  sugges- 
tions. For  example,  a tall  cistern  is  represented,  built  to 
hold  five  metres  in  depth  of  water,  and  warranted  to  resist 
the  pressure.  The  walls  are  double  and  connected  at  inter- 
vals with  tie-bricks,  leaving  an  air-space  between.  The 
bottom  is  to  be  of  sheet  iron  ” three  to  five  millimetres  ” in 
thickness,  with  the  edges  turned  up  so  as  to  hold  the  lower 
course  of  bricks  and  to  prevent  the  iron  from  drawing  in  by 
sagging. 

It  is  proposed  to  make  roofs  and  arches  of  these  brick, 
each  brick  with  six  dovetail  joints,  and  0“‘320  by  0“*190 
by  0°^.060.  These,  it  is  stated,  can  be  laid  for  seven 
francs  the  square  metre,  including  the  cement  and  fifteen 
bricks  at  twenty  centimes  each.  The  average  price  is 
about  seventy-five  francs  the  thousand  for  bricks,  twenty- 
five  centimetres  by  twelve  centimetres  by  six  centimetres. 
The  mean  price  per  square  metre  of  wall  built  of  a single 
thickness  of  brick  0“.14  thick,  is  stated  to  be  nine  francs 
seventy-five  centimes ; and  of  a square  metre  of  double  wall 
with  bricks  0“.075  broad,  fourteen  francs. 

There  was  no  opportunity  of  verifying  any  of  these  state- 
ments, and  no  references  were  made  to  any  constructions 
made  in  this  manner. 

Terra-Cotta  from  India. 

The  Madras  School  of  Art  sent  forty-two  terra-cotta  casts 
of  Hindoo  temple  ornamentation,  consisting  of  ornamental 
pillars,  scrolls,  running  and  border  ornaments,  perforated 
panels,  circular  and  star  patterns,  all  of  great  interest  to 
art,  and,  at  the  same  time,  good  examples  of  the  ease  of 
reproducing  architectural  designs  and  details  in  terra-cotta. 

Chicago  Terra-Cotta  Company,  Chicago.  This  estab- 
lishment has,  for  the  past  eight  years,  been  engaged  in  the 
15 


lU 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


maiuifacture  of  terra-cotta  building  ornaments,  vases,  ped- 
estals, statuary,  etc.  The  market  for  the  architectural 
pieces  is  very  large,  they  being  used  in  the  erection  of 
public  and  private  buildings  all  over  the  West.  They  are 
sent  as  far  south  as  Texas,  west  to  Salt  Lake,  and  as  far 
north  as  the  railways  extend.  The  demand  is  constantly 
increasing  and  with  every  prospect  of  its  continuing  to 
increase,  for  in  many  parts  of  the  West  stone  is  very  scarce. 


and  it  is  too  costly  to  transport  it  great  distances.  The 
terra-cotta  ware  being  hollow  and  light,  bears  the  cost  of 
transportation  to  almost  any  required  distance.  Again, 
where  stone  is  found  it  costs  more  to  work  it  than  to  pay 
the  cost  and  transportation  of  the  terra-cotta.  It  has 
become,  to  a great  extent,  a building  necessity.  In  Chi- 
cago there  are  miles  in  length  of  fronts  ornamented  with 
the  terra-cotta  work  of  this  establishment.  During  the 
summer  of  1873,  about  $40,000  worth  of  trimmings  were 
furnished  to  the  new  Illinois  State  House,  in  Springfield, 
consisting  chiefly  of  dormer  windows,  balustrades,  and  open 
tracery  work.  The  above  illustrations  show  some  of  the 
styles  of  window-frames.  Much  of  the  work  in  Chicago 
and  the  larger  cities  is  produced  from  designs  furnished 
by  architects,  and  specially  adapted  to  some  particular 
building,  but  the  company  has  a large  stock  of  moulds 


TERKA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


115 


from  which  it  is  not  difficult  to  select  objects  suitable  for 
most  of  the  smaller  constructions,  thereby  saving  a considera- 
ble item  of  cost  for  new  patterns.  The  superintendent  of 
the  works  (Mr.  Taylor)  was  formerly  employed  in  the  works 
of  Mr.  Blashlield,  Stamford,  England.  This  establishment 
exhibited  largely,  and  with  great  credit,  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition in  1867,  and  is  making  the  ornaments  for  the  Art 
Museum  now  building  in  Boston. 

Eefractory  Bricks,  Retorts,  Crucibles,  etc. 

In  refractory  materials  of  all  kinds,  for  construction  of  fur- 
naces and  various  metallurgical  purposes,  the  Exhibition  was 
particularly  rich.  The  amount  and  variety  of  such  goods 
were  far  greater  than  at  Paris  in  1867,  and  there  was  a 
notable  advance  in  the  art,  especially  in  the  production  of 
special  forms  of  large  dimensions,  and  the  increasing  use  of 
them  in  the  construction  of  furnaces.  Attention  may  be 
directed  to  the  exhibits  of  fire-brick  for  the  hearths  and 
crucibles  of  blast-furnaces  and  for  the  stack  complete,  which 
are  now  being  made  at  several  establishments  at  very  moder- 
ate prices.  The  formation  of  tubes  and  retorts  of  superior 
density  and  strength,  by  hydraulic  pressure,  is  also  worthy 
of  attention. 

H.  J.  Yygek  & Co.,  Duisburg^  liliein-prov.  Deutsches^ 
Reiches,  exhibited  fire-brick  and  blocks  for  blast-furnaces, 
cast-steel  melting  furnaces,  reheating  furnaces, 
gas-retorts,  and  for  smelting  purposes  generally. 

The  plumbago-pots  for  cast-steel  from  this  estab- 
lishment are  formed  as  in  the  annexed  outline, 
and  stand  about  two  feet  high. 

These  works  were  founded  in  1856.  The 

» 

value  of  their  products  in  1871  was  200,000  tha- 
lers for  360,000  cwt.  of  goods,  being  the  heaviest 
production  of  large  pieces  in  German}\  There  are  266  work- 
men employed,  and  3 steam-engines  of  130  horse-power. 

C.  Kulmiz,  Marienkillte. — Fire-bricks  and  fire-clay,  gas- 
retorts  and  drain-tiles  were  exhibited  by  this  firm.  The 
value  of  their  products  in  1871  was  150,000  thalers,  and,  in 


116 


EXPOSITIOX  AT  VIENNA. 


addition,  they  raised  370,000  cwt.  of  tire-clay.  Emploj^  345 
workmen  and  4 steani-eirn'ines. 

O 

Steinberger  Gewerksciiaft,  Grossed} iierode  hei  Cassel, 
Deutsches,  DeicJies,  exhibited  tire-lirick  and  slabs  for  blast- 
furnaces. The  production  of  this  company  in  1871  was 
35,000  cwt.  of  clay  and  54,000  cwt.  of  tire-brick,  worth 
30,500  thalers.  One  hundred  and  thirty-one  workmen,  and 
two  steam-engines.  The  samples  of  tuyeres  for  I^essemer 
convertors  appeared  to  be  excellent  in  quality.  The  largest, 
with  nine  holes,  were  20  inches  long  and  5 inches  in  diameter 
at  the  small  end. 

Smal-Smal  & Co.,  a Andennes  (jproviiice  de  Namur), 
Belgium,  exhibited  tire-brick  and  flags  for  the  hearths  and 
crucibles  of  blast-furnaces  and  for  a furnace  complete  ; also, 
bricks  specially  adapted  to  the  needs  of  steel-works,  glass- 
works, and  zinc- works.  The  blast-furnace  brick  were 
specially  interesting,  and  they  are  supplied  at  the  following 
rates  per  ton  (1,000  kilogrammes),  loaded  upon  cars  at 
Andennes 

Bricks  for  the  hearth  and  crucible,  75  francs. 

“ “ boshes,  . . 65 

“ “ interior  lining,  . 55  “ 

outer  casing,  . 50  “ 

“ “ a furnace  complete,  65  “ 

Slabs  or  tiles,  for  the  bottoms  of  soda-furnaces,  are  supplied 
at  80  francs,  and  other  firedjrick,  for  steel-works,  glass- 
works, puddling  furnaces,  etc.,  at  40  francs  the  ton  (about 
$8  gold).  Crude  and  calcined  clay,  for  the  use  of  glass  and 
zinc  works,  is  sold  at  from  14  to  28  francs  the  ton. 

SociETE  Anonyme  des  Terres  Plastiques  et  Produits 
Kefractaires,  W Andennes,  lez-Namur.  Directeur  gerant: 
M,  Francois  Bertrand. — This  establishment  made  an  ex- 
tensive display  of  retorts,  cylinders,  and  of  bricks  for  con- 
densation chimneys  for  acid  works ; bricks  for  Siemen’s  fur- 
naces, Bessemer  converters  and  high  furnaces.  The  follow- 
ing is  a short  description  of  some  of  the  principal  objects, 
with  the  prices  per  piece,  or  per  ton 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


117 


Retort,  3“12  long  x 0.66  X 0.40,  weighing  810  kilog.i= 
1,620  lbs.  ; price,  100  francs  ~ $20.  Retort,  2“-75  X 0.545 
X 0.315,  weighing  560  kilog.  ==  1,120  lbs.  ; price,  70  francs. 
Refractory  bricks,  for  the  crucible  and  boshes  of  blast-fur- 
naces ; price,  65  francs  per  1,000  kilos  ~ per  ton.  Bricks 
for  rolling  mills,  Sieinen’s  furnaces,  Bessemer  steel-works, 
coke-ovens,  etc.,  at  35  francs  per  1,000  kilos.  = about  $7  per 
ton.  Bricks — "artificial  sandstone  ” — for  chimneys  and  tow- 
ers for  the  condensation  of  acids,  at  50  francs  per  1,000  kilos. 
Cascade  denitrante,  in  artificial  sandstone,  at  130  francs  per 
piece.  Cylinder,  in  artificial  sandstone,  with  bottom,  1“05 
high  X 1“  00  in  diameter,  for  condensing  acids,  at  85  francs 
per  piece.  Cylinder,  in  artificial  sandstone,  Avithout  bottom, 
1“  00  X 1“  00  in  diameter,  for  condensing  acids,  at  65  francs 
each. 

This  company  also  make  a specialty  of  supplying  furnaces 
and  metallurgical  establishments  with  refractory  materials  of 
the  best  quality,  at  the  following  rates  : For  glass-Avorks’ 
pots,  crucibles,  etc.,  15  and  18  francs  per  1,000  kilogs. 
Calcined  earths  for  crucibles,  at  28  to  35  francs.  Calcined 
quartz,  at  20  francs  per  1,000  kilogs. 

The  establishment  AA^as  founded  in  1856,  and  it  has  received 
aAvards  at  several  of  the  great  exhibitions. 

Tongued  and  Grooved  Fire-Brick. 

A novelty,  in  the  form  of  tongued  and 
grooved  fire-brick,  was  seen,  but  the  ex- 
hibitor’s name  Avas  not  obtained.  The 
annexed  outline  will  give  an  idea  of  the 
form. 

Retorts  for  the  Distillation  of  Zinc. 

N.  J.  Dor,  Director  of  the  mines  and  tvorks  of  M.  L.  de 
Lamine,  d Amjpsin  j) res  liny  (province  de  Liege exhibited 
improved  crucibles  for  the  distillation  of  zinc,  made  under 
hydraulic  pressure,  in  a machine  specially  designed  for  the 
purpose,  invented  by  the  exhibitor.  Tliis  machine  has  been 
in  operation  for  five  years  at  the  Avorks  of  M.  do  Laniine,  and 
similar  machines  are  used  at  yielle-Montagno  and  other  es- 
tablishments. The  crucibles  made  in  this  manner  are  remark- 


118 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


able  for  their  superior  density,  compactness,  freedom  from 
flaws,  and  their  cheapness, — the  machine  effecting  a great 
saving  over  hand-labor.  The  appearance  of  the  crucibles 
justifies  these  claims  for  excellence.  The  details  of  the  ma- 
chinery, as  shown  by  working-drawings,  were  highly  interest- 
ing, and  are  suggestive  of  much  that  may  be  accomplished 
in  the  art  of  forming  clay  ware  by  the  use  of  hydraulic 
power. 

Fihe-Bricks  and  Clay— -England. 

An  interesting  report  on  the  fire-clay  goods  of  the  Lon- 
don International  Exhibition  of  1871,  was  made  by  Lient. 
Grover,  R.  E.  He  states  that  the  trade  in  English  pro- 
ducts of  this  class  has  marvellously  increased  in  the  past 
thirty  years.  Over  30,000,000  of  fire-bricks  are  annually 
made  at  Stourbridge,  instead  of  14,000,000  as  formerly. 
Newcastle  produces  80,000,000  instead  of  7,000,000.  The 
export  trade  increased  sixfold  since  1862. 

The  celebrated  Stourbridge  clay,  obtained  about  twenty 
miles  south-west  of  Birmingham,  is  dug  from  shafts  in  the 
coal  measures,  generally  below  three  workable  seams  of 
coal,  and  between  marl,  or  rock,  and  an  inferior  clay. 
The  seam  averages  three  feet  in  thickness.  The  middle 
portion  is  selected.  After  hoisting  to  the  surface,  the  clay 
is  sorted  by  women,  the  best  lumps,  or  kernels,  being  laid 
aside  for  glass-house  pots.  This  selected  clay  costs  fifty- 
five  shillings  a ton.  Ordinary  fire  clay  costs,  at  the  same 
place,  only  ten  shillings  a ton.  About  four  tons  are 
required  to  make  a thousand  nine-inch  fire-bricks.  The 
clay  is  mined  over  an  area  of  about  nine  square  miles,  and 
there  are  about  a dozen  establishments. 

The  percentages  of  the  important  ingredients  of  the 
Stourbridge  clays  are  shown  in  the  following  analyses 
made  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Abel,  F.  R.  S.,  chemist  to  the  War 
Department,  England  : — 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


119 


Analyses  of  Stourbridge  Clay. 


Silica. 

Alumina. 

Peroxide  Iron. 

Alkalies,  loss, 
etc. 

1, 

66.47 

26.26 

6.63 

.64 

2, 

65.65 

26.59 

5.71 

2.05 

3, 

65.50 

27.35 

5.40 

1.75 

4, 

67.00 

25.80 

4.90 

2.30 

5, 

• 

63.42 

31.20 

4.70 

.68 

6, 

65.08 

27.39 

3.98 

3.55 

7, 

. 65.21 

27.82 

3.41 

3.56 

8, 

58.48 

35.78 

3.02 

2.72 

9, 

63.40 

31.70 

3.00 

1.90 

Lieut.  Grover  very  justly  points  out  " that  the  iufusibil- 
ity  of  any  substance  depends  not  merely  upon  the  chem- 
ical nature  of  its  constituents,  but  also  upon  the  manner 
in  which  those  constituents  are  combined  with  one  another. 
For  example,  granite  per  se  is  infusible  at  ordinary  high 
temperatures,  whilst  pounded  granite  can  be  readily  melted 
by  the  same  degree  of  heat.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  a 
porosity  in  structure,  brought  about  by  a coarseness  of  ele- 
mentary particles,  would  enhance  the  chemical  infnsibility 
of  a material ; and  that  in  fire-clay  goods  a close  uniform 
structure,  though  pleasing  to  the  eye,  is  not  favoralde  to 
their  refractory  powers,  since  the  component  particles 
should  have  a facility  for  contraction  or  expansion  under 
high  temperature,  and  the  air  cavities  act  as  valuable  non- 
condiictors  of  heat.  Hence  it  will  be  evident  that  to  deter- 
mine accurate  conclusions  respecting  these  wares,  a fire 
test  is  as  essential  as  chemical  analysis.” 

Hollow  Brick. 

Much  attention  has  of  late  been  given  to  the  manu- 
facture of  hollow  brick,  to  enclose  air-spaces  between  the 


120 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


interior  niid  exterior  surfiices  of  walls,  so  as  to  exclude 
dampness  and  secure  greater  warmth.  This  is  of  great 
importance,  and  especially  where  "furring  otf”  the  wall 
is  avoided,  as  it  should  be  for  many  good  reasons.  But 
the  great  cause  of  dampness,  and  consequent  great  con- 
ducting power  of  walls,  is  not  likely  to  be  avoided  by  even 
hollow  brick  of  the  best  construction,  unless  access  of 
water  to  the  outside  and  the  foundations  is  prevented  by 
impervious  materials.  The  capillary  power  of  raising 
water  in  walls  is  well  known,  particularly  in  Paris,  where 
dampness  has  been  observed  to  rise  thirty-two  feet  above 
the  foundalions.  Long,  driving  rains  fully  saturate  brick 
walls  and  chimneys,  and  exudations  of  water  are  found 
inside  of  dwellings  about  chimneys  where  no  leak  can  be 
discovered.  The  capacity  of  absorption  of  water  by  bricks 
is  probably  not  less  than  a pint  to  each  one.  Mr.  Chad- 
wick, in  his  "Report  on  Dwellings  for  the  Poor,’'  says  that 
in  England  common  bricks  absorb  as  much  as  a pint  or 
pound  of  water ; and  supposes  a case  of  a cottage  wall 
consisting  of  twelve  thousand  bricks,  which  would  be  capa- 
l)le  of  holding  fifteen  hundred  gallons,  or  six  and  a half 
tons  of  water  when  saturated.  To  evaporate  this  would 
require  a ton  of  coal.  Sandstone  and  granite  also  hold 
quantities  of  water  in  their  pores.  Prof.  Ansted  states 
that  granite,  in  a dry  state,  is  rarely  without  a pint  and  a 
half  of  water  in  each  cubic  foot.  Sandstone  may  contain 
half  a gallon,  and  loose  sand  two  gallons. 

The  absorptive  capacity  of  bricks  varies  with  their  dens- 
ity, depending  upon  the  process  of  manufacture.  This  has 
been  shown  by  Cyrus  Chambers,  in  experiments  upon 
bricks  made  by  the  machine  of  his  invention  and  on  hand- 
made bricks,  the  results  of  which  are  given  in  the  annexed 
table  : — 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


121 


Table  showing  the  Percentage  of  Water  absorbed  by  various  Bricks 
after  Thirteen  Days'  submersion. 


c3 

pO 

s 

Degree 
of  Burning. 

Locality  of  Clay. 

The  Process  of  Manu- 
facture. 

Weight  in  pounds 
and  ozs.  before 
submersion. 

Weight  in  pounds 
and  ozs.  after 
submersion. 

Gain  in  weight 
iu  ounces. 

Percentage  of 
whole 

w'eight  gained. 

1 

Hard,  . . 

Pea  Shore,  N.  J.,  . 

Chambers’  maehine. 

5 0 

5 2 

2 

2.5 

2 

Dark,  . . 

u ii  i( 

“ “ 

4 15 

5 7 

8 

10.12 

3 

Light,  . . 

u a 

<(  (< 

4 14 

5 10 

12 

15.4 

4 

Salmon,  . 

a u <<£ 

<<  << 

4 14 

5 12 

14 

17.95 

5 

Very  hax-d, 

a n u 

Hyd.  Press,  600  tons 

pressure. 

2 4 

2 6 

2 

*0.55 

6 

Dark,  . . 

<<  c(  a 

Dry  Press, 
Dry  Press, t 

4 13 

5 7 

10 

13. 

7 

Salmon,  . 

« <(  u 

2 8 

3 1 

9 

22.5 

8 

Dark,  . . 

Hestonville,  Phila., 

Chambers’  machine. 

5 3 

5 15 

12 

14.46 

9 

Dark,  . . 

“ “ 

(( 

5 5 

6 3 

14 

16.47 

10 

Light,  . . 

<(  << 

i<  U 

5 3 

6 0 

13 

15.66 

11 

Salmon,  . 

U 

« u 

5 8 

6 8 

16 

18.18 

12 

Salmon,  . 

, u 

Hand, 

4 8 

5 8 

16 

22.22 

13 

Light,  . . 

u <i 

4 10 

5 8 

14 

18.91 

14 

Hard,  . . 

a u 

« 

4 12 

5 8 

12 

15.78 

15 

Salmon,  . 

Neck,  Phila.,  . 

a 

4 8 

5 7 

15 

20.83 

16 

Light,  . . 

a it 

u 

4 13 

5 9 

12 

15.58 

17 

Hard,  . . 

u 

4 11 

5 2 

7 

9.33 

18 

Hard,  . . 

a u 

u 

4 10 

5 3 

9 

12.16 

19 

Dark,  . . 

Hudson  R.,  N.  Y., 

Hall’s  machine. 

4 3 

4 6 

3 

4.47 

20 

Light,  . . 

u 

ii  U 

4 2 

4 12 

10 

15.15 

* This  brick,  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  was  submitted  to  a pressure  under  a hydrau- 
lic press  of  121,695  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

t This  brick  was  made  by  the  dry-clay  process,  of  the  same  clay  as  No.  1,  and  was  exposed 
one  winter  to  the  action  of  the  frost,  and  had  partially  fallen,  none  of  the  angles  being  left. 

This  shows  n gain  in  weight  of  from  two  to  sixteen 
ounces,  or  from  2^  per  cent,  to  22^  per  cent. 

The  capillary  power  of  bricks  is  such  that  even  if  made 
hollow  in  the  best*  manner,  the  inner  surface  must  become 
as  fully  saturated  with  water  as  the  outer ; and  there  is  no 
remedy  except  to  protect  the  outer  surface  by  an  imper- 
vious glaze,  or  enamel,  or  to  thoroughly  isolate  the  inside 
wall,  or  layer,  from  contact  with  the  outer.  Even  headers, 
or  tie-bricks,  at  intervals,  serve  to  convey  the  moisture  and 
destroy  the  efficacy  of  a hollow  wall. 

Sizes  of  Bricks. 

There  was  a variety  of  sizes  of  bricks  shown  at  Vicuna. 
In  general,  they  are  broad  and  not  thick.  In  the  United 
States  there  is  no  standard  size.  In  the  Eastern  States 
bricks  are  short,  narrow,  and  very  thick.  The  latter  make  a 
16  • 


122 


EXPOSITIOX  AT  VIENNA. 


wall  thick  enough  to  pass  inspection,  Avhile  the  thickness 
promotes  rapid  laying.  As  a general  rule  the  dimensions 
increase  in  breadth  and  length  southward,  and  decrease  in 
thickness.  For  example,  a Boston  brick  is  about  2^  by 
by  71  inches.  In  Valparaiso,  Chili,  they  are  made  11-  by 
10  by  18  inches.  Cuban  l)i*ick  are  about  3^  by  6 l)y  13 
inches.  New  Orleans,  2|  by  4|  by  9 inches.  Philadel- 
phia (common)  are  usually  about  2|  by  4 by  8^  inches. 

A Philadelphia  brick  contains  about  85.6  cubic  inches  of 
clay.  A Boston,  or  a Hudson  Piver  brick,  contains  about 
69.12  cubic  inches;  therefore,  twenty-five  thousand  (25,000) 
Philadelphia  bricks  have  the  volume  of  thirty  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  thirty-two  (30,932)  of  the  Eastern  bricks. 

M.  Paul  Bonneville,  in  his  Report  upon  the  Bricks  and 
Tiles  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  186'7,  gives  the  following 
table  showing  the — 


Dimensions  of  Bricks  of  several  Countries, 


LOCALITY. 

1 

Length. 

Breadth, 

Thickness. 

Volume. 

Burgundy, 

m. 

0.220 

m. 

0.110 

m. 

0.060 

c.  c. 

1,452 

Montereau,  ..... 

0.220 

0.110 

0.055 

1,331 

Larcelles,  red,  largest. 

0.220 

0.110 

0 050 

1,210 

Larcelles,  red,  seconds,  . 

0.190 

0.100 

0.045 

940 

“ Country  brick,”  Paris,  . 

0.220 

0.110 

0,050 

1,210 

“ Country  brick,”  Paris,  . 

0.220 

0.100 

0.060 

1,320 

Flemish, 

0.210 

0.110 

0.047 

1,085 

English, 

0.250 

0.110 

0.060 

1,650 

English, 

0.238 

0.115 

0.077 

2,107 

English, 

0.254 

0.124 

0.076 

2,400 

Holland, 

^ — — — — 

0.260 

0.120 

0.054 

1,684 

.periments  made  upon  French  brick  show  that  the  resist- 
ance to  breaking  strain  ranges  from  eight  kilogrammes  the 
square  centimetre  for  ordinary  soft  brick,  to  twenty  kilo- 
grammes for  brown  Burgundy  bricks,  which  will  also  bear 
hundred  and  ten  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  kilogrammes 
wi-e  crushing. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


123 


Brick-Makixg  Machinery. 

Space  and  time  both  prevent  the  consideration  of  this  sub- 
ject in  detail,  permitting  only  brief  notices  of  some  of  the 
machines. 

The  two  principal  types  are  the  piston  machines,  and  those 
for  continuous  delivery  through  dies  of  the  size  and  form  of 
the  section  of  the  brick.  Of  the  former  there  was  an  example  , 
in  the  United  States  section,  and  of  the  latter  in  the  Austrian. 

Gregg’s  Excelsior  Brick  Press. — The  celebrated  brick 
press,  invented  by  William  L.  Gregg,  of  Chicago,  and  which 
was  honored  with  a prize  medal  at  Paris  in  1867,  was  exhibited 
in  model.  This  invention,  which  has  been  improved  since 
1867,  is  competent  to  produce  fifty-six  bricks  per  minute,  or 
twenty-six  thousand  to  thirty  thousand  bricks  in  a day  of  ten 
hours.  And  it  is  claimed  by  the  inventor  that  bricks  of  the 
lower  grades  can  be  made  by  this  machine  for  less  than  one- 
half,  and  face  or  front  bricks  for  about  one-third  the  cost  of 
makinsr  bv  hand. 

O 

The  machine  has  two  sets  of  moulds,  seven  in  each  set, 
fixed  upon  a movable  table  which  passes  back  and  forth  under 
a feeder  through  which  clay  is  forced  into  the  moulds.  When 
filled,  the  contents  receive,  in  the  movement,  two  distinct 
downward  pressures  from  a wheel  above.  The  bottoms  of 
the  moulds  are  movable,  and  are  attached  to  a piston  which 
slides  up  on  an  inclined  plane  as  the  carriage  or  table  moves 
out  from  under  the  wheel.  This  forces  the  bottom  of  each 
mould  upward,  carrying  with  it  the  brick,  and  when  all  are 
out  of  the  moulds  they  are  swept  off  to  one  side,  the  empty 
moulds  return  under  the  hopper  and  the  process  is  repeated. 
The  clay  is  taken  directly  from  the  bank,  and  is  prepared  for 
the  moulds  by  two  grinding  rollers.  From  the  discharge  of 
these  rollers  it  is  elevated  to  the  hopper  of  the  machine. 

The  rapidity  of  the  production  of  the  moulded  clay  bricks  is 
not  the  only  great  advantage  of  this  system.  The  clay  need 
not  be  so  wet  as  is  necessary  for  hand-moulding,  and  thus  a 
great  saving  of  time  in  drying  results.  Hand- made  bricks  as 
they  come  from  the  moulds  must  lose  twenty-five  per  cent,  of 
water  by  artihcial  drying  or  spontaneous  evaporation  before  it 


124 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


is  safe  to  lumi  them,  but  the  machine-made  bricks,  it  is  claimed, 
do  not  contain  more  than  one-eight  this  amount  of  vater. 
This  permits  expensive  sheds  and  drying  lloors  to  be  dis- 
carded, and  renders  it  possible  to  manufacture  .continuously 
throughout  the  year. 

In  Chicago,  in  1872,  there  were  some  400,000,000  of  bricks 
made  and  used,  and  about  half  that  number  in  1873.  The 
clay  for  the  common  brick  is  obtained  from  the  excavations 
made  for  docks  and  slips  along  the  river  in  the  city.  Fine 
front  or  facing  bricks  are  made  from  clay  procured  at  Gregg 
Station,  eighteen  miles  from  the  city,  on  the  Chicago,  Bur- 
lington and  Quincy  Railroad.  Brick  made  from  this  clay  in 
the  Excelsior  Press  are  surpassed  in  color  only  by  the  finer 
grades  of  Philadelphia  and  St.  Louis  brick,  but  are  as  strong 
as  any. 


Chambers’  Continuous  Delivery  Machine. — There  were 
brick-making  machines  exhibited,  belonging  to  the  class  of 
tempered  clay  continuous  delivery  machines,  in  which  the 
clay,  being  properly  mixed,  is  forced  through  a rectangular 
die  in  a continuous  stream  or  column  of  clay,  of  the  breadth 
and  thickness  required  for  brick.  From  this  column  of  clay, 
bricks  are  cut  off  at  proper  intervals  by  wires,  stretched 
in  a frame,  or  by  knives.  The  principle  is  the  same  as  that 
of  the  machine  invented  and  patented  in  the  United  States,  by 
Cyrus  Chambers,  Jr.,  of  Philadelphia.  These  machines  have 
been  in  operation  for  several  years,  and ‘have  produced  many 
millions  of  brick. 

The  machine  is  constructed  almost  wholly  of  iron,  and  is 
made  very  strong.  It  receives  the  clay  direct  from  the  bank, 
tempers  it  with  water,  and  forms  it  into  bricks,  with  well- 
defined  corners,  and  smooth,  straight  surfaces,  at  the  rate  of 
from  fifty  to  eighty  per  minute,  or  from  twenty-five  to  thirty- 
five  thousand  per  day  for  ten  hours. 

The  tempering  portion  of  the  machine  consists  of  a strong 
iron  case,  in  which  revolves  a horizontal  shaft,  into  which  are 
set  spirally,  strong  tempering  knives,  or  blades  of  steel,  so 
that,  as  they  pass  through  the  clay^  they  move  it  forward 
their  thickness,  or  whatever  distance  they  may  be  set  to  do. 
The  clay  being  stiff,  and  not  having  much  water  on  it,  is  not 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


125 


liable  to  slip  before  the  knives,  but  is  cut  through  and 
through,  and  thoroughly  mixed  ; so  that  by  the  time  it  reaches 
the  small  eud  of  the  tempering  case  it  is  ready  to  be  formed 
into  bricks. 

On  the  eud  of  the  tempering  shaft  is  secured  a conical 
screw,  which  revolves  in  a cast-iron  conical  case,  the  inside 
of  Avhich  is  pitted,  checked,  or  ribbed,  so  as  to  prevent  the 
clay  from  revolving  in  it,  and  is  chilled,  to  prevent  wearing. 

The  screw  being  smooth  and  very  hard,  the  clay  slides  on 
it,  thus  becoming,  as  it  were,  a nut;  the  screw  revolving,  and 
the  clay  thus  not  being  allowed  to  move  backward,  it  must  go 
forward. 

This  operation  further  tempers  the  clay,  and  delivers  it,  iu 
a solid,  round  column,  to  the  forming  die,  which  is  of  peculiar 
construction  and  form,  and  so  designed  as  to  reduce  the  round 
column  to  a rectangular  one,  whose  breadth  and  thickness  is 
ih.Q  proper  breadth  and  thiclmess  for  a brick,  while  at  the  same 
time  the  clay  is  forced  into  the  corners  of  the  finishing  part  of 
the  die,  so  that  the  angles  of  the  bar  of  clay  are  made  full, 
solid  and  sharp.  This  column  of  moulded  clay,  as  it  issues 
from  the  die,  is  conducted  by  an  endless  belt,  supported  on 
rollers,  to  the  cutting  device,  which  consists  of  a thin  blade 
of  steel,  secured  to  the  periphery  of  a wheel,  passing  through 
the  bar  of  clay,  and  being  guided  by  steel  plates,  so  arranged 
as  to  move  with  the  clay  while  the  knife  is  passing  through  it, 
and  so  as  to  support  the  under-side  and  edge  of  the  bar  while 
beino’  cut. 

The  bricks  are  then  dusted  with  fine  sand,  and  are  conveyed 
on  cars  or  barrows  to  the  packing-floors  or  drying-chambers. 

One  of  these  machines  will  make  from  twenty-five  thousand 
to  thirty-five  thousand  bricks  regularly,  in  ordinary  clays, 
per  day  of  ten  hours ; or  from  fifty  to  eighty  bricks  per 
minute. 

Messrs.  Chambers  & Brother  made  some  experiments  to 
determine  the  crushing  pressure  of  l)ricks  made  l)y  this  ma- 
chine out  of  New  Jersey  and  Philadelphia  clays,  with  the  fol- 
lowing results  : — 


12G 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Table  sJioiuuig  the  Pressure  different  Bricks  are  capable  of  sustaining 
in  various  ^yositions. 


The  material 

No. 

De.sree 

Locality  of 

Trocess  of 

Position — 

between  which 

Number  of  pounds 

of  Burning. 

Claj'. 

Manufacture. 

pressure. 

the  bricks 
were  placed. 

pressure  at  which  the 
bricks  crushed. 

1 

Salmon,  | 

Pea  Shore, 

N.  J. 

C.B.  & Co. 
Machine. 

1 End. 

Ash  wood. 

8,960r=  4 tons. 

2 

Salmon,  . 

“ 

Edge. 

U <( 

15,680=  7 tons. 

3 

Salmon,  . 

“ 

Side. 

U ii 

40,320=18  tons. 

dj 

Light 

Stretcher, 

( ;; 

U 

Edge. 

a a 

13,440=  6 tons. 

5 

Hard,  . 

U 

Side. 

Cast  iron.  ^ 

134,400=60  tons, 
without  crushing. 

6 

Salmon,  j 

Philada.  > 
Neck.  $ 

By  hand,  . 

Edge. 

((  U 

11,200=  5 tons. 

7 

Light 

Stretcher, 

Side. 

U ii 

33,600=15  tons. 

8 

Hard,  . 

U 

Side. 

u 

67,200=30  tons. 

The  first  four  experiments  were  made  with  the  bricks  laid 
between  hard  ash  planks,  hut  the  wood  crushed  and  spread 
out,  carrying  the  edges  of  the  bricks  with  it,  so  that  the  pres- 
sure at  Avhich  they  crushed  may  be  considered  far  under  the 
actual  pressure  the  bricks  are  capable  of  sustaining.  The 
last  four  experiments  were  made  with  the  bricks  between 
plates  of  cast-iron,  without  any  cement,  or  anything  between 
them,  the  rough,  uneven  surfaces  coming  in  contact;  conse- 
quently, tijey  were  much  more  severe  than  though  the  bricks 
had  been  laid  in  cement,  so  as  to  allow  the  pressure  to  be 
evenly  distiabuted  over  the  whole  surface. 

Display  of  Brick  Machines  at  Former  Exhibitions. 

At  the  Exhibition  in  Paris,  1867,  several  brick  machines 
were  shown,  and  were  reported  upon  specially  by  M.  Paul 
Boniieaville,  Engineer  of  Arts  and  Manufactures,  with  draw- 
ings.^ 

The  London  International  Exhibition  in  1871  was  particu- 
larly rich  in  all  forms  of  the  potter’s  art  and  appliances,  and 
the  brick  and  tile  machinery  of  Europe  was  well  shown.  It 
is  described  in  some  detail  by  Peter  Bawden,  Esq.,|  and  also 
by  Arthur  Beckwith  of  New  York.  Salvetat  and  Ebelmen, 

* Etudes  sur  L’Expositiou,  Lacroix,  VII.,  350. 

t Official  Reports  (British)  on  the  London  International  Exhibition,  I.,  345. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


127 


in  their  report  upon  pottery  at  the  Exhibition  of  1851,  give 
a very  full  list  of  works,  publications,  and  patents  con- 
nected with  brick-making  machinery.  Those  specially  inter- 
ested in  this  branch  of  the  subject  may  find  in  the  above-cited 
authorities  the.  most  accurate  available  information,  at  least 
from  the  European  point  of  view.* 

Hoffmann’s  Furnace. 

The  great  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  bricks  in 
Vienna  now  has  thirty-three  of  Hoffmann’s  patent  " ring- 
ovens  ” or  annular  brick-kilns  in  use.  They  are  said  to  mark 
a new  era  in  the  history  of  the  works,  effecting  a great  saving 
of  fuel,  and  consequently  increasing  the  profits.  They  are 
equally  applicable  to  burning  brick,  lime,  earthenware,  cement, 
and  gypsum.  The  inventor  states  that  over  one  thousand  are 
now  in  use,  and  claims  to  effect  a saving  of  two-thirds  of  the 
fuel  required  by  the  old  methods  of  burning.  Inasmuch  as  a 
very  good  description  of  the  apparatus  has  been  given  by  Dr. 
Barnard  in  his  report  on  the  Paris  Exposition,!  it  is  sufficient 
to  direct  attention  to  this  furnace,  which  does  not  appear  to 
have  found  favor  in  the  United  States.  One  objection  given 
against  its  use  is  the  greater  scale  upon  which  our  brick 
manufacture  is  conducted.  When  a kiln  of  the  ordinary  form 
is  opened  there  is  room  enough  for  carts  and  horses  to  drive 
in  and  load  with  brick  of  any  desired  kind,— either  hard- 
burned,  pressed,  or  soft,  or  ” salmon  brick.”  This  objection 
might,  however,  be  readily  overcome  by  making  the  cham- 
bers of  greater  size. 

Clay  Pipes. 

The  manufacture  of  clay  pipes  is  a branch  of  ceramic  art  of 
no  small  importance,  industrially.  The  establishment  of 
Messrs.  McKlroy  & Co.,  in  Philadelphia,  turns  out  about  a 
thousand  gross  of  pipes  weekly.  About  twenty  difierent 
styles  are  made,  ranging  in  price  from  85  cents  to  $1.35  the 
gross.  A clay  of  peculiar  excellence  is  required. 

* Pottery — Terra-Cotta  Stoneware,  Fire-Briek,  etc.  Van  Nostrand,  1872. 
t Industrial  Arts,  by  Frederick  A.  P.  Barnard,  LL.  D. 


128 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


T.  Matebials  for  Pottery. 

The  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  were  ex- 
hibited ill  several  of  the  sections,  notably  from- Japan.  IMiich 
more  attention  has  been  given  abroad  to  explorations  for  clays 
and  to  their  examination  chemically,  and  experimentally  in  the 
furnace,  than  in  the  United  States.  Collections  are  made 
under  government  auspices  to  illustrate  and  promote  the 
potter’s  art.  The  Museum  of  Practical  Geology  in  London 
contains  very  full  collections,  illustrating  the  qualities  of  the 
clays  and  plastic  strata  of  Great  Britain,  selected  with  a view 
to  their  applicability  to  ceramic  manufactures.  There  are 
over  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  localities  represented  in 
the  series,  and  each  set  of  specimens  contains  six  examples. 
They  are  all  arranged  in  geological  sequence,  commencing 
with  the  newer  deposits  and  ranging  downwards. 

As  already  stated  in  the  general  survey,  there  is  no  lack  in 
the  United  States  of  suitable  clays  for  pottery.  They  are 
widely  distrilnited,  not  only  in  recent  deposits  along  the 
granite  ranges  of  the  country,  but  in  the  tertiary  and  older 
formations.  They  result  from  the  gradual  disintegration  and 
decay  of  fcldspathic  rocks.  This  decay  and  softening  is  seen 
on  a grand  scale  in  the  Southern  States,  but  at  the  North  the 
decayed  portions  appear  to  have  been  removed  by  the  me- 
chanical force  of  ice.  The  antiquity  of  the  decomposition  and 
its  great  extent  in  past  geological  ages,  has  been  pointed  out 
by  Prof.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  who  believes  it  to  have  been  accom- 
plished in  great  part  by  an  atmosphere  of  carbonic  acid,  aided 
by  warmth  and  moisture.  He  connects  it  with  the  slow  puri- 
fication of  the  atmosphere  which  has  been  in  progress  from 
very  early  times.  The  alkalies,  lime  and  magnesia,  set  free 
by  the  decomposition,  absorbed  the  carbonic  acid,  and  carried 
in  solution  to  the  ocean,  gave  rise  to  limestones,  dolomites 
and  common  salt. 

In  New  England  the  principal  knoAvn  deposits  of  clay  suit- 
able for  potters’  use,  are  along  the  western  base  of  the  Green 
Mountains  in  tertiary  deposits.  They  have  been  worked  at 
Brandon,  and  Monkton,  in  Vermont.  From  the  former  place 
quantities  have  been  taken  for  fire-brick  and  for  putting  into 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


129 


paper.  In  Massachusetts,  clay  is  cited  as  occurring  at  North- 
ampton, and  at  Martha’s  Yineyard.  Granular  quartz,  another 
important  ingredient  of  the  body,  is  mined  in  Berkshire 
County. 

The  early  exportation  of  samples  of  clay  from  the  Southern 
States  to  England,  has  been  noticed.  No  doubt  extensive 
deposits  of  valuable  clays  exist  there.  Good  clays  are  found 
in  California. 

Extensive  deposits  of  the  finest  clays  for  pottery  purposes 
are  found  at  many  points  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and 
including  the  varieties  known  as  fire-clay,  paper-clay,  and 
alum-clay,  they  form  a continuous  belt  extending  obliquely 
across  the  State  from  Raritan  Bay  and  Staten  Island  Sound 
on  the  east,  to  the  Delaware  River  on  the  west.*  The  pits 
dug  for  these  clays  are  chiefly  within  areas  of  no  great  extent 
near  Woodbridge,  Amboy,  Bonhamtown,  Washington  and 
Trenton,  but  explorations  have  shown  the  existence  of  other 
places  where  they  can  be  dug  with  profit.  They  are,  in  gen- 
eral, overlaid  with  superficial  beds  of  drift  of  sand  and  gravel. 
The  beds  are  extensively  mined,  not  only  for  pottery  and  hre- 
brick,  but  for  shipment.  Large  quantities  are  used  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia  and  Boston,  for  the  manufacture  of  alum. 
Much  of  the  whitest  and  purest  is  sold  to  the  manufacturers 
of  paper-hanging  for  facing  wall-papers.  By  far  the 
greatest  consumption  is  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-brick, 
.especially  at  Perth  Amboy,  South  Amboy,  and  at  Trenton. 
In  one  township,  Woodbridge,  over  fifty  thousand  tons  of 
clay  were  raised  in  1865. 

Fire-sand,  moulding-sand,  kaolin  and  feldspar,  often  occur 
with  these  beds  of  clay  and  in  workable  quantities.  The  ma- 
terials used  for  fire-brick  consist  of  about  five-eighths  raw 

* The  limits  of  this  belt  are  defined  by  the  state  geologists  of  New  Jersey,  as 
follows  : “ The  northern  limit  is  marked  by  the  outcropping  red  shale  and  sandstone 
of  the  triassic  formation,  following  an  almost  straight  lino  from  Woodbridge,  south- 
west by  Bonhamtown,  to  the  month  of  Lawrence’s  Brook  on  the  Raritan  River ; along 
this  stream,  nearly  to  the  Monmonth  Junction,  and  thence  north  of  the  railroad  near 
Penn’s  Nock  and  Baker’s  Basin,  to  the  Delaware  River  at  Trenton.  The  southern 
boundary  of  this  snb-division  of  the  crctaccons  formation  is  not  well  defined  in  eonse- 
rpience  of  the  superficial  beds  of  drift  which  cover  it.  Near  Raritan  Bay  they  are  not  so 
thick,  and  the  division  line  l)ctwcen  the  ]>lastic  clays  and  the*  clay  marls  is  accurately 
located  near  the  mouth  of  Choesquake  Creek.  But  towards  the  south-west  the  overly- 
ing drift  is  so  deep  that  it  is  impossible  to  draw  the  southern  boundary  with  mueh 
certainty.” — Coo/c,  Geol.  Kept.,  1873,^;.  103. 

17 


130 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


clay,  one-eighth  cement,  one-eighth  kaolin,  and  one-eighth 
fire-sand.  The  ” cement”  is  a burned  fire-clay. 

In  the  best  New  Jersey  clays  no  grit  can  be  perceived  when 
tested  between  the  teeth.  Analyses  of  good  specimens  show 
the  following  ingredients  ^ : — 


1.* 

2.t 

34 

44 

Silica,  ...... 

43.20 

45.30 

46.32 

46.29 

Alumina, 

39.71 

37.10 

39.74 

40.09 

Zirconia, 

1.40 

1.40 

- 

_ 

Potash, 

.37 

1.30 

- 

_ 

Lime, 

- 

.17 

.36 

.50 

Magnesia, 

- 

.22 

.44 

- 

Peroxide  of  iron,  .... 

.74 

1.30 

_ 

_ 

Protoxide, 

- 

- 

.27 

.27 

Water, 

14.25 

13.40 

12.67 

12.67 

* White  clay  from  Burt’s  Creek  near  South  Amboy. 

t White  clay  from  Trenton.  J Cornwall,  England. 


Prof.  Cook,  state  geologist  of  New  elersey,  says  of  the 
potter’s  clay,  that  it  is  tenacious,  of  a light-blue  color  ; a little 
gritty  when  tried  between  the  teeth.  When  highly  heated  it 
becomes  partially  vitrified  without  losing  its  shape,  and  is 
thus  well  adapted  for  earthenware.  And  it  can  be  heated 
sufficiently  for  salt-glazing  without  injury.  The  following 
analyses  show  composition  at  several  localities  : — 


14 

24 

34 

4.§ 

Silica, 

71.80 

68.00 

65.62 

75.55 

Alumina, 

19.05 

23.66 

20.88 

19.04 

Potash, 

.61 

1.19 

1.95 

.10 

Lime, 

.31 

- 

- 

- 

Magnesia, 

.79 

- 

.30 

- 

Oxide  of  iron, 

1.31 

1.17 

1.23 

.71 

Water, 

6.08 

6.40 

8.10 

4.85 

99.95 

100.42 

98.08 

100.25 

* Morgan  clay,  pits  near  South  Amboy, 
t Bank  of  Rancocas  Creek,  near  Bridgebora. 

X Billingsport,  on  the  bank  of  the  Delaware,  below  the  mouth  of  Mantua  Creek. 

§ Raccoon  Creek,  a mile  above  Bridgeport. 

1 These  and  the  following  analyses  for  comparison  are  taken  from  the  Geology  of 
New  Jersey,  1868,  p.  683.  Analyses  3 and  4 from  Percy’s  Metallurgy. 


TEEHA- COTTA,  BEICK,  ETC. 


131 


He  observes  that  the  clay  pits  about  South  Amboy  furnish 
a large  amount  of  this  useful  substance  every  year,  and  that 
the  market  is  continually  widening.  It  sold  for  from  $1.50 
to  $5.00  per  ton.  Any  needed  amount  of  clay  can  be  had 
from  the  pits  along  the  Delaware  and  its  branches.  Clay 
suitable  for  making  water-pipes  is  dug  near  the  Woodmansie 
Station  on  the  Raritan  and  Delaware  Bay  Railway.  Light 
colored  clays  of  the  tertiary  formation  are  found  at  many 
points  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  suitable  for  making  a 
common  quality  of  fire-brick  and  for  other  purposes. 

Coarse  clays,  superior  to  brick  clays,  occur  in  inexhaustible 
quantities  over  and  under  the  fire-clays.  They  are  well 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  coarse  pottery,  sewer-pipes, 
drain-tiles,  etc.,  for  which  they  are  already,  to  some  extent, 
utilized. 

For  the  manufacture  of  glass^pots,  which  require  a pecu- 
liar and  excellent  quality  of  clay,  it  was  formerly  thought 
that  none  of  a suitable  composition  existed  in  the  United 
States,  and  that  only  English  and  German  clays  could  be 
relied  upon.  Experiments  were  made  at  Wheeling,  Vir- 
ginia, on  clays  obtained  at  the  Mt.  Savage  Iron  Works, 
and  the  measure  of  success  attained  encouraged  the  belief 
that  the  glass-works  might  become  independent  of  foreign 
sources  for  this  material.  Soon  after,  a clay  was  obtained 
from  Missouri  which  proved  to  be  equal  to,  if  not  superior, 
to  any  other  known  clays  for  such  purposes. 

The  fire-clays  of  St.  Louis,  according  to  Dr.  Litton, 
have  the  following  composition  :~ 


1.* 

2.t 

Silica, 

61.02 

59.60 

Alumina, 

25.64 

26.41 

Oxide  of  iron, 

1.70 

1.61 

Lime, 

.70 

1.00 

Magnesia, 

.08 

.07 

Potash, 

.48 

.29 

Soda, 

.25 

.16 

Snlplmr, 

.45 

.38 

Water, 

10.00 

10.36 

* Raw  clay. 


t Prepared,  probably  washed. 


132 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


China  Ci.ky— England. 

The  following  tabular  statement  shows  the  extent  of  the 
production  of  China  stone  and  China  clay  in  Cornwall,  for 
a series  of  years^  : — 


Shipments  of  China  Clay  and  China  Stone  from  Cormvall^  England. 


YE  AK. 

Kaolin  (China  Clay). 

China  Stone. 

St.  Agnes  Clay. 

1865, 

97,750 

25,500 

1,566 

1866,  

105,000 

35,000 

1,524 

1867,  . . . 

127,000 

33,500 

1,316 

1868,  

100,000 

29,000 

979 

1869,  

105,700 

28,500 

875 

1870,  

110,520 

32,500 

946 

1871,  

125,000 

33,000 

774 

At  St.  Agnes  there  were  also,,  in  1871,  about  four  hun- 
dred tons  produced  for  caudle-clay,  used  in  the  mines  for 
supporting  the  caudles. 

In  Devonshire,  19,000  tons  were  produced,  in  1871,  at 
the  Lee  Moor,  and  other  china-works,  and  47,639  tons  of 
pipe  and  potter’s  clay  were  shipped  at  Teignmouth,  the 
production  of  Newton  and  neighborhood^  Of  a total  of 
57,670  tons  exported  from  Poole,  Devonshire,  in  1871,  the 
greater  portion  was  sent  to  London  and  Puncorn,  and  to 
Quebec  200  tons. 

Of  potter’s  material  (clay,  flint,  chert,  etc.)  there  were 
imported  into  the  potteries  by  Trent  and  Mersey  naviga- 
tion, 144,588  tons,  and  by  the  North  Staffordshire  Pail- 
way, clay,  flint,  chert,  etc.,  11,345  tons. 

The  demand  for  porcelain  clays  sustains  a very  consider- 
able mining  industry  in  Cornwall  and  Devonshire.  The 
ofiicial  mineral  statistics  of  the  United  Kingdom  contain 
a list  of  no  less  than  one  hundred  and  five  separate  clay- 
works  in  Cornwall,  seven  in  Devonshire  for  porcelain  clay, 
five  of  ''Teignmouth  clay,”  and  six  of  "Poole  clay.”  In 
Staffordshire  there  are  nineteen  works  producing  Stour- 


* Compiled  from  Hunt’s  Mineral  Statistics  of  Great  Britain. 


TERRA-COTTA,  BRICK,  ETC. 


133 


bridge  clay.  The  following  analyses  show  the  composition 
of  the  celebrated  Stourbridge  and  other  foreign  clays  : — 


1.* 

2.t 

3.J 

4.J 

Silica, 

1 

65.10 

73. 

50.20“ 

51.90 

Alumina, 

22.22 

19.93 

34.13 

30.03 

Potash, 

.18 

.89 

.39 

.89 

Lime, 

.14 

.39 

.30 

1.60 

Magnesia, 

.18 

- 

- 

.18 

Protoxide  of  iron,  .... 

f 1.92 

.87 

.87 

1.50 

Phosphoric  acid,  .... 

.06 

- 

- 

- 

Water  and  organic  ^matter. 

9.86 

6.40 

13.70 

13.90 

* English  Stourbridge,  Percy.  J Coblentz,  for  glass-pots, 

t G-erman  clay  for  glass-pots,  from  Bremen,  Germany. 

Note. — Numbers  2,  3 and  4,  made  in  the  New  Jersey  State  Labo- 
ratory. 

Ceramic  Enamels. 

Chemisch-technische  Fabrik  bei  Elbogen  in  Bohmen. 
Director,  Max  Rosier.  C.  F.  Merker,  Agent,  1 Getreide- 
markt,  Vienna.  There  was  from  this  source  a very  inter- 
esting exhibition  of  coloring  materials  for  the  use  of  potters 
and  decorators,  ^hich  was  honored  with  the  Progress  Medal. 
The  highest  skill  of  the  chemist  is  called  for  by  this  art, 
and  the  demand  is  such  that  the  manufacture  of  standard 
colors,  or  enamels,  ready^  for  use,  has  become  an  important 
industry.  A large  glass  case  was  filled  with  a collection 
of  the  manufactures  of  their  establishment,  consisting  of 
fluxes,  glazes,  colored  glazes  and  enamels,  and  metallic 
oxides  for  glass,  porcelain,  stoneware  and  majolica.  These 
are  accompanied  by  proof-tiles,  upon  which  the  colors  have 
been  tested  by^  burning,  showing  all  the  colors  and  shades 
of  color — the  greens,  blues,  red,  rose,  yellow,  etc.,  etc. 
All  the  preparations  of  chromium,  copper,  mercury,  gold 
and  cobalt  were  beautifully  displayed.  By  the  courtesy 
of  the  director  I have  been  favored  with  a price-list,  from 
which  I make  the  following  extracts  for  the  benefit  of  ama- 
teur decorators  and  others,  who  have  found  difficulty  in 
getting  such  materials  in  the  United  States. 


134 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA 


Lustres  for  Porcelain^  Stoneware  arid  Glass  (Glass  Ornaments  and 

Pearl  ditto) . 


No. 

Ter  half  oz. 
in  silver 
krs. 

Cheaper 
price — per 
lb.  in  silver 
florins.* 

1 

Flux, 

25 

6 

2 

Pearl  white, 

30 

3 

White, 

35 

9' 

4 

White, 

30 

7 

Wliite, 

30 

8 

White, 

30 

10 

White, 

30 

11 

Oraj, 

35 

9^ 

12 

Gray, 

40 

lO-l 

13 

Gray, 

75 

20 

5 

Dove  color, 

40 

10 

14 

Rose, 

85 

221 

17 

Lifrht  green, 

60 

15 

18 

Green, 

70 

IS 

19 

Yellow  green, 

55 

36 

Dark  blue  green 

170 

45 

32 

Gold  lustre,  . 

170 

45 

35 

Purple  lustre, 

280 

75 

33 

Blue, 

85 

221 

21 

Yellow, 

35 

9' 

Bright  gold, 

430 

120 

22 

Gold  yellow, 

35 

9 

24 

Orange, . 

45 

12 

27 

Russet,  ......... 

30 

25 

Yellow  bro  wn, 

30 

26 

Iron  red, 

25 

6 

29 

Tawny  Irrown,  ....... 

60 

15 

28 

Dark  brown, 

90 

221 

31 

Platinum, 

170 

45 

30 

Bright  silver,  . 

280 

75 

34 

Bright  silver, 

400 

* The  prices  given  are  in  Austrian  silver  florins,  1=100  kreutzers=50  cents  U.  S. 
t The  above  list  will  give  an  idea  of  the  colors  furnished  and  the  prices.  As  any 
parties  interested  can  obtain  a catalogue  by  addressing  the  works,  we  do  not  think  it 
necessary  to  complete  the  list  in  these  pages.  The*catalogue  includes  some  two  hun- 
dred colors  for  enamelling,  transparent  bases,  glazing,  &c. 


MARKS  AND  MONOGRAMS,  PORCELAIN  AND  FAIENCE.* 


ENGLAND. 


WEDGWOOD 

STAFFORDSHIRE, 
i.  1759. 

TURNER 

STAFFORDSHIRE, 
i.  1762. 

ADAMS 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

ROGERS 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

WOOD  and  CALDWELL 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

STAFFORDSHIRE,  i.  1793. 

LONGPORT 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

SPODE 

STAFFORDSHIRE. 

C and  0, 

STAFFORDSHIRE, 
Copeland  & Qarrett. 

Kichard  Chaffers 

1759 

LIVERPOOL, 
i.  1752. 

SADLER  1156 

LIVERPOOL, 
i.  1756. 

HERCULANEUM  I Liverpool, 

' 1.  175o. 


PLYMOUTH,  i.  1760, 
by  Cookworthy. 

^ ■ 
Jhf^oLon 

YARMOUTH, 

Absolon. 

SWANSEA 

SWANSEA,  i.  1750. 

SWANSEA,  red  s^tainp. 

JVttntganu 

WALES,  red. 

CG 

LEEDS,  Chas.  Green,  1770. 

LEEDS,  same  Manuf. 

BRISTOL,  i.  1772. 

+ 

BRISTOL,  1772. 

H76 

I 

BRISTOL,  removed  to 
Staffordshire,  1777. 

<1 

BOW,  i.  1740. 

4 

BOW.  This  also  is  consid- 
ered a Bow  Mark. 

BOW  or  BRISTOL. 

§ 

CHELSEA,  i.  1740,  s.  p. 
the  oldest  Mark. 

4 

CHELSEA,  red  mark. 

vL 

CHELSEA,  the  best  quality 
marked  in  gold. 

CHELSEA,  DERBY,  s.  p. 
1765,  blue  used. 

CROWN  DERBY, 
a later  blue  mark. 

1 

DERBY  or  WORCESTER. 

c ■ 

WORCESTER,  i.  1751, 
the  oldest  mark. 

WORCESTER,  usually 
Chinese  pattern. 

w 

WORCESTER,  1751. 

WORCESTER,  Flight,  1783. 

, flight  Bccrr 
\lXarr 

WORCESTER,  Flight, 
Barr  & Barr,  1807-1813. 

WORCESTER,  1857-1862. 

SHROPSHIRE,  E. 
Caughley,  1772. 

S 

SHROPSHIRE,  Broseley, 
1780,  Willow  Pattern. 

_ss 

) 

SHROPSHIRE, 
Cole  Brook  Dale. 

STAFFORDSHIRE, 
Stoke  on  Trent. 


* From  Carl  Barth’s  Pocket  Chart,  Stuttgart,  1873. 


136 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA 


FRANCE. 


St.  cloud,  1st  Period, 

8.  p. 

X 

St.  cloud,  Trou. 
1715-1730. 

CHANTILLY,  e.  1735,  s.  p. 
Blue,  red  or  green. 

ARRAS,  e.  1782,  s.  p. 
Blue  pattern. 

D V 

MENECY,  i.  17.35,  s.  p. 
Prince  of  Villeroy. 

\f 

ETIOLLES,  i.  1768,  s.  p. 
Monnier  Manufr. 

m. 

BOUR-LA-REINE,  i.  1773, 

8.  p. 

sx 

SCEAUX-PENTHIEVRE, 
i.  1751,  8.  p. 

CLIONANCOURT. 

A mark  used  by  Deruelle 
before  1775. 

CLIONANCOURT,  f.  1780. 
In  leather  color. 

T 

vl 

CLIONANCOURT,  h.  p. 
Called  porcelain  of  Monseur, 
1775. 

c 

ORLEANS,  h.  & s.  p. 
Under  the  protection  of  the 
Duke  of  Orleans,  1750-1770. 

ORLEANS,  h.  p. 
Blue  Mark. 

PARIS,  Pont-aux-Choux, 
i.  1756,  h.  p. 

w 

<c:i9 

PARIS,  Pont-aux-Choux, 
Another  style. 

y 

PARIS,  Rue  Fontaine  au  Roi. 
i.  1773,  M.  Locre,  h.  p. 

H 

PARIS,  Faubourg  St.  Lazare. 
Hannong,  1773,  h.  p. 

MAP 

PARIS,  Faubourg  St. Antoine 
Morelle,  1773,  h.  p. 

S 

PARIS,  Faubourg  St. Antoine 
Souronx,  1773,  h.  p. 

PARIS,  “Oros  Caillou,”  h.  p. 
advent  of  Lamarre,  1773. 

PARIS,  Rue  de  Clichy. 

PARIS,  stamped  with 
Caduceus. 

^ * 

A- 

PARIS,  Rue  Thirous,  1778. 
“Porcelain  de  la  reine  ” 
(Antoinette.) 

§ 

PARIS,  Rue  de  Bondy,  1780. 
Duke  of  Angouleme. 

PARIS,  1780,  AngouRme. 

CP 

PARIS,  Christ’r  Potter, 
called  “ Prince  of  Wales,” 
1789. 

BELLEVILLE,  Jacob  Petit, 
i.  1796,  h.  p. 

PARIS,  Rue  de  Bondy. 
Dihl,  maker. 

ROUEN,  under  Louis  XIV. 

< 

) 

SCEAUX-PENTHI^IVRE. 
The  word  Sceaux  often 
appears  underneath. 

LILLE,  h.  p.,  e.  1783. 
Red  mark. 

FRANCE  (SEVRES). 


1 

SEVRES.  i 

I.  at  Vincennes,  1753. 

The  oldest  mark. 

KF 

Sevres 

.SEVRES. 

Another  style. 
1792-1799. 

Another  style. 
1792-1799. 

Alphabetical,  from  1753- 
1776. 

Sevres) 

The  monogram  out  of 
use,  1798-1802. 

Double  letter,  from  1777- 
1793. 

Sbvpes 

The  Consular  Period, 
used  1801-1804. 

French  Republic,  1792- 
1799. 

le  S^res 

V.  1804-1809,  generally 
red  with  color. 

MARKS,  MONOGRAMS,  ETC 


137 


FRANCE  (SEVRES) — Continued 


w ^ 

1 

StiVRES. 

The  Imperial  Eagle,  gen- 
erally from  1810-1814. 

'1^ 

SEVRES. 

Used  1830,  from  August. 

Louis  Phillippe, 
f.  1830-1834. 

1814-1823  used  again. 

Initials  of  Louis  Philippe 
from  1834-1848,  com- 
mon. 

A j Charles  the  X.,  the  marks 

^ y j 1 show  the  year. 

Sevrf!S  1 

Chateau  D’Eu  service, 
sometimes  in  gold, 
dated  from  1837. 

' $ 

Same  reign,  another 
style. 

& 

sv^45 

Cipher  of  Louis  Phillippe, 
printed  marks,  1845-47. 

oevfflj 

37 

1848  & 1851,  in  decorated 
pieces. 

3B 

^i.vrez. 

Same  reign,  another 
style. 

French  Republic, 
1848-1851. 

?>o 

Charles  X.,  1830. 

On  common  ware. 

Imperial  Eagle,  1852. 

¥ J 

On  decorated  pieces, 
1829-1830. 

Monogram  of  Louis  Na- 
poleon III.,  1854. 

GERMANY  AND  AUSTRIA. 


JL 

t 

DRESDEN,  Meissen,  1709- 
1726,  in  blue  generally. 

BERLIN,  sometimes  an  eagle 
added. 

( 

DRESDEN,  1712-1720,  blue 
mark. 

A 

1 

* 

BERLIN,  another  form  of 
sceptre. 

DRESDEN,  to  1720,  blue 
mark. 

BERLIN,  special  mark,  par- 
ticularly of  1830. 

'6 

DRESDEN,  1730,  blue  mark. 

I) 

HOCHST,  Nassau,  1.  1740, 
gold  or  color. 

X 

DRESDEN,  1770,  blue. 
Royal  period. 

HOCHST. 

HOCHST. 

X 

DRESDEN,  1796,  Marcolini 
period. 

FRANKENTHAL,  h.  p. 
first  Period,  1755-1761. 

X.rjp? 

DRESDEN,  Royal  Porcelain 
Manufacture. 

FRANKENTHAL,  h.  p. 
second  Period  Cal  l Theodor. 
( + 1799.) 

g 

WIEN,  i.  1718,  generally  to 
1744. 

Y 

FRANKENTHAL,  this  mark 
is  allotted  to  Franz  Bartold. 

\X/ 

BERLIN,  1751-1 761,  Wegely’s 
mark. 

18 


138 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA 


GERMANY  AND  AUSTRIA— Continped. 


5 

■( 

FRANKENTHAL, 

Philipp  Haiiong. 

FRANKENTHAL, 

Joseph  Adam  Hanong. 

K 

FRANKENTHAL, 
Job.  Hanong. 

CO  '' 

R 

FRANKENTHAL, 

Franz  Bartold. 

ii 

NIMPHENBURG,  near 
Munich,  i.  1747,  h.  p. 

I 

NIMPHENBURG,  printed 
in  colors. 

X 

NIMPHENBURG,  h.  p. 
earlier  mark. 

% 

FURSTENBERG,  i.  1750. 

•f 

FURSTENBERG. 

3£ 

LUDWIGSBURG,  or  KRO- 
NENBURG,  i.  1768-1806. 

t. 

LUDWIGSBURG, 
1st  Period. 

f . 

LUDWIGSBURG, 
2d  Period 

§) 

LUDWIGSBURG. 

(l/ 

po 

LUDWIGSBURG. 

FULDA,  i.  1763-1780,  h.  p. 

4- 

FULDA. 

K 

RUDOLSTADT.  i.  1758. 

R-n 

RAUENSTEIN,  h.  p. 

L 

LIMBACH,  h.  p. 

LIMBACH. 

LIMBACH. 

GROSSBREITENBACH, 

h.  p. 

i 

GROSSBREITENBACH. 

KLOSTER  VEILSDORF, 
coat  of  anus,  often  with 
C.  V.  added. 

ISf^CV 

VEILSDORF. 

VEILSDORF, 

another  mark. 

ANSBACH. 

ANSBACH,  often  with  the 
letter  xi  joined. 

ANSBACH. 

ANSBACH. 

GOTHA. 

GERA. 

GERA. 

1 

ALT-HALDENSLEBEN, 
h.  p.  M.  Nathusius. 

CH  ARLOTTENBURG,  i. 
1790,  M.  Pressel. 

gf fi 

BADEN,  E.  1793. 

Cut  of  an  axe  in  gold. 

COELN, 

M.  Cremer. 

POPPELSDORF, 

M.  Wessel. 

STRASSBURG,  lately  so 
marked. 

% 

NIEDERVILLERS,  i.  1768, 
h.  p.  F.  Lanfray. 

Sarftuemlries 

SA  ARGEMUND  Dep’t  of  the 
Moselle.  M.  Utz  Schneider 

SWITZERLAND. 


NYON,  h.  p.,  i.  1790. 


ZURICH,  h.  p.,  i 
mark. 


1763,  blue 


I 


MAEKS,  MONOGKAMS,  ETC 


139 


EU  S SI  A. 


POLEN,  h.  p.  manufacturer. 
Korzec,  1803. 

r7^ ' 

MOSKAU.  Apapore. 

Kbrx^ 

c 

St.  PETERSBURG, 
blue  mark. 

ELBOGrEN,  h.  p.  In  Bohe- 
mia marked  Haidinger. 

St.  PETERSBURG,  i.  1762. 
Katharina. 

k 

P‘m<» 

St.  PETERSBURG,  Mono- 
gram Nikolus  d.  1st  1828. 

^ ■ 

COPENHAGEN,  i.  1772. 

h.  p. 

■ s 

SCHLACKENWALD,  h.  p. 
1812,  ill  gold. 

''III- 

St.  PETERSBURG. 

LE  HAMMER,  h.  p. 
stamped. 

HOLLAND  AND  BELGIUM. 


AMSTERDAM,  h.  p.,  i.  1782. 
in  blue. 

TOURNAY,  s.  p. 

gold  mark. 

AMSTERDAM,  h.  p. 

/t\ 

in  blue. 

/vs. 

Ml 

AMSTERDAM,  blue  mark. 

1 

TOURNAY,  s.  p. 

another  mark. 

TOURNAY,  s.  p.,  i.  1750. 
This  mark  is  a kiln. 

% 

LA  HAYE,  h.  p. 

gray  mark. 

SPAIN  AND  ITALY. 


MADRID.  Buen  Xetiro 
s.  p.,  i.  1759. 

OK 

MADRID,  cheap  kind. 

OF.L 

MADRID,  s.  p.  blue  mark, 
best  quality. 

MADRID,  s.  p.  best  quality. 

W 

MADRID,  Monogramm 
Karls  III.  of  Griiuders. 

V A 

VISTA  ALEGRE,  h.  p.  in 
gold  or  colors. 

LE  NOVE,  s.  p.  blue  or  red 
mark. 

VENICE,  red  mark. 

\p>.' 

VENICE. 

VENICE,  h.  p. 

VENICE,  s.  p.  red  mark. 

'd^g' 

TURIN,  h.  p.  conducted  by 
Dr.  Gioanetti. 

'A- 

VINEUE  near  TURIN,  i. 
■J  750. 

DOCCIA,  h.  & s.  p.  1727. 

w 

DOCCIA,  i.  1727. 

GJNORl 

DOCCIA,  pressed  mark,  1770. 

NAPLES,  s.  p.,  i.  1759,  A. 
1821. 

N 

NAPLES,  s.  p.  decorated  or 
jiaintcd. 

LX 

NAPLES. 

.Milano 

MILAN,  red  mark. 

Note. — The  abbreviations  are:  h.  p.  hard  paste;  s.  p.  soft  paste;  i.  introduced. 


140 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA 


CHEONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  THE  SEYEES  PEODUCTIONS. 


A 11  K S . 

Year. 

]\I  A R K S . 

Year. 

A A^iuceimes, 

1753 

HH  .... 

1785 

B “ . . 

1754 

II  ...  . 

1786 

C “ . . 

1755 

JJ  . . . . 

1787 

D 

1756 

KK  .... 

1788 

E 

1757 

LL  . . . . 

1789 

F 

1758 

MM  .... 

1790 

G 

1759 

NX  ...  . 

1791 

H 

1760 

00  ...  . 

1792 

I 

1761 

pp  . . . . 

1793 

J 

1762 

QQ  . . . . 

1794 

K 

1763 

RR  . . . . 

1795 

L 

1764 

T9  ...  . 

1801 

M 

1765 

X . . . . 

1802 

N 

1766 

II  ...  . 

1803 

0 

1767 

" 

1804 

P 

1768 

1 .... 

1805 

Q 

1769 

= . . . . 

1806 

R 

1769-70 

n 

^ . 

1807 

S 

1771 

8 . . . . 

1808 

T 

1772 

9 . . . . 

1809 

U 

1773 

10  ...  . 

1810 

V 

1774 

0.  z 

1811 

X 

1775 

d.  z 

1812 

Y 

1776 

t.  z 

1813 

Z 

1777 

q-  z 

1814 

AA  . . . . 

1778 

q.  n 

1815 

BB  . . . . 

1779 

s.  z 

1816 

CC  . . . . 

1780 

d.  s 

1817 

DD  . . 

1781 

18  ...  . 

1818 

EE  ...  . 

1782 

19  ...  . 

1819 

FF  . . . . 

1783 

20  ...  . 

1820 

GG  . . . . 

1784 

21  etc., 

% 

1821 

CHRONICLE  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EVENTS,  ETC. 


141 


CHRONICLE  OF  THE  PRLNCIPAL  EVENTS  DIRECTLY  CONNECTED  WITH 
THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  POTTERY. 


B.  C.  600  to  900  years.  Manufacture  of  enamelled  bricks  in  Nineveh  and 
Babylon.  The  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  London,  contains 
several  specimens  of  enamelled  bricks  from  Babylon,  dating 
some  600  to  900  years  before  Christ. 

B.  C.  185.  Manufacture  of  porcelain  supposed  to  have  commenced  in 
China  between  this  date  and  A.  D.  87,  during  the  Han  dynasty. 

A.  D.  600.  Porcelain  in  common  use  in  China,  and  sip^posed  to  have 
reached  its  greatest  perfection  about  the  year  1000. 

1115.  Moorish  tiles  probably  introduced  in  Italy  at  the  conquest  of  Ma- 
jorca by  the  Pisans. 

1200-1300.  Colored  tiles  believed  to  have  been  in  common  use  in  Persia. 

1273-1302.  Earliest  tiles  of  the  Alhambra. 

1310.  Delft  ware  successfully  manufactured  in  Holland. 

Incised  or  Sgriffiato  ware  largely  produced  by  the  Italian  artists. 

1400.  Luca  della  Bobbia  born  ; the  sculptor,  painter  on  faience,  modeller 
in  bronze,  and  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  to  employ  stan- 
niferous glazes  in  Italy. 

Encaustic  tiles  manufactured  in  Great  Britain,  at  Malvern  Hills 
and  other  localities. 

1475.  Earliest  date  noticed  on  any  piece  of  lustred  Majolica  of  the  man- 
ufacture of  Maestro  Georgio.  Fortnum  considers  a piece  in  the 
Serves  Museum,  dated  1489,  to  be  the  earliest  piece  of  lustred 
ware  on  record, 

1500.  About  this  time  oriental  jiorcelain  was  imjiorted  to  Europe  by  the 
Venetians  and  Portuguese,  and  in  the  following  century  the 
Dutch  imported  great  (|uan titles. 

1510.  Bernard  Palissy  born  about  this  date,  at  La  Chapelle  Biron,  Peri- 
gord. 

1540-1560.  IManufacture  of  majolica  in  a fiourishing  state. 

1540-1620.  Flemish  ware,  commonly  known  as  Gres  do  Flandres,  in 
gi-eat  esteem  in  Great  Britain. 

1580.  About  this  date,  the  earliest  known  production  in  Europe  of  pieces 
of  porcelain  in  the  laboratory  of  Duke  Francesco  de’ Medici  at 
Florence. 


142 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


1581.  Soft  porcelain  discovered  in  Italy  by  Francis,  Grand  Duke  of  Tus- 
cany. 

1585.  Gold  purple  or  precij:)itate  of  cassius  discovered. 

1589.  Palissy  died  in  confinement  in  the  Bastile. 

1671.  Earliest  efforts  to  manufacture  Porcelain  in  England,  by  Mr.  John 
Dwight,  at  Fulham. 

1674.  Manufacture  of  pottery  established  in  Liver])ool  before  this  date. 

1680.  Salt  glazing  said  to  have  been  discovered  in  Staffordshire  by  acci- 
dent. 

1690.  Crouch  ware  first  made  by  Burslem  potters. 

Dresden  (Meissen)  porcelain  manufactory  established  by  Augustus 
II.,  Elector  of  Saxony. 

1706.  Commencement  of  the  experiments  of  Tschirnhaus  and  Bottcher, 
two  alchemists  in  the  service  of  the  Elector  of  Saxony,  leading 
to  the  production  by  Bottcher  of  the  first  hard  or  true  porcelain 
in  Europe,  but  of  a dark  color. 

1709.  White  porcelain  made  by  Bottcher. 

1710.  Bottcher  appointed  director  of  the  manufactory  at  Meissen. 

1715.  White  jDorcelain  of  good  quality  commonly  made. 

1720.  Paintings  on  porcelain,  and  gilding,  produced  at  Meissen. 

17.80.  Josiah  Wedgwood  born  at  Burslem,  England;  died  1795. 

Bow  works,  England,  commenced  manufacture  of  porcelain. 

1731.  Kandler,  the  sculptor,  superintended  the  modelling  of  groups  and 
figures  at  Meissen. 

1744.  St.  Petersburg  porcelain  works  founded  by  the  Baron  Ivan  Anti- 

no  vitsh. 

1745.  Cookworthy  in  a letter  mentions  that  a person  had  disco^'iBred  both 

kaolin  and  petuntse  in  the  State  of  Virginia,  and  had  made  from 
them  specimens  of  porcelain.  The  same  jDarty  professed  to  have 
purchased  the  whole  region  from  the  Indians. 

1747.  Porcelain  works  of  Blanquier,  Vienna,  Austria,  j^orchased  by  the 
Empress  Maria  Theresa,  and  made  an  imperial  establishment. 

Porcelain  works  established  at  Neudeck,  Bavaria. 

1750.  Decoration  of  earthenware  and  porcelain  by  transfer  from  copper- 
23late  prints,  believed  to  have  originated  with  John  Sadler,  of 
LiveiqDOol. 

Swansea  earthenware  works  established. 

From  about  this  date  the  true  Sevres  pate  tendre  was  manufactured 
with  habitual  success. 

Manufacture  of  porcelain  commenced  at  Berlin  by  Wegely. 


CHRONICLE  OF  PRINCIPAL  EVENTS,  ETC. 


143 


1751.  Worcester  porcelain  works  established  at  Worcester,  England. 

Foundation  of  the  Derby  porcelain  works,  England,  by  Mr.  Wil- 
liam Duesbury. 

1755.  Discovery  of  kaolin  in  Cornwall,  by  William  Cookworthy,  whose 

attention  appears  to  have  been  directed  to  the  subject  by  a citi- 
zen of  Virginia,  in  1745. 

Works  established  at  Coxside,  Plymouth,  England,  by  Cookworthy 
and  Lord  Camelford,  about  1755,  soon  after  the  discovery  of  the 
materials  at  Cornwall.  Transferred  to  Bristol,  1774. 

1756.  Porcelain  works  removed  from  St.  Cloud  to  Sevres. 

Manufacture  of  porcelain  attempted  at  Lowestoft.  1770-1800  pe- 
riod of  greatest  prosperity.  Works  abandoned  in  1802. 

1757.  Rockingham  porcelain  and  browiiAvare  made  at  Swinton,  on  estate 

of  Charles,  Marquis  of  Rockingham. 

1758.  Neudeck  manufactory,  Bavaria,  transferred  to  Nymphenburg,  near 

Munich. 

1760.  Louis  XV.  became  proprietor  of  the  Sevres  establishment. 

Isleworth  pottery  established  by  Joseph  Shore,  of  Worcester. 

1763.  Frederic  II.  bought  the  Berlin  porcelain  works  and  converted  them 
into  a royal  manufactory. 

1765.  Discovery  of  kaolin  in  France,  by  Guettard,  who  gave  an  account 

of  it  in  this  year  to  the  Academie  des  Sciences. 

1766.  Kaolin  was  found  near  Limoges  at  St.  Yrieix,  in  abundance  and  of 

good  quality. 

1769.  Hard  body  porcelain  introduced  at  Sevres  manufactory. 

1772.  Porcelain  of  superior  quality  manufactured  at  Jhe  Shropshire  pot- 
teries, under  Thomas  Turner,  from  the  Worcester  works. 

1795.  Pinxton  porcelain  works  established  near  Alfreton,  England. 

Closed  about  1812. 

Wedgwood  died. 

1796.  The  “Marcolini  period”  at  Meissen  commenced. 

1800.  Calcined  bones  introduced  by  Spode  into  the  paste  of  his  porcelain 
at  Stoke-upon-Trent,  England. 

1812.  Inspection  of  the  porcelain  works  at  Meissen  by  M.  Brongiart,  on 

the  requisition  of  Napoleon  I.  The  greatest  secrecy  maintained 
until  that  time. 

1813.  Nantgarw  (near  Cardiff)  porcelain  manufactory  established. 

1840.  Foundation  of  the  tile  manufacture  of  the  Mintons,  Stoke-upon- 
Trent,  England. 

1864.  The  Austrian  imiierial  porcelain  works  discontinued. 


144 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA, 


TITLES  OF  WORKS  OK  POTTERY  AND  PORCELAIN  CONSULTED  IN 
THE  PREPARATION  OF  THIS  REPORT 


Brongniart,  Alexandre.  Traite  des  Arts  Ceramiques  on  des  Poteries, 
etc.  Two  volumes,  and  atlas.  Paris,  1844. 

Argyll.  Report  on  Ceramic  Manufactures,  Exhibition  of  1851.  Reports 
of  the  Juries,  class  xxv.  p.  588. 

Ebelmen  and  Salvetat.  Arts  Ceramiques,  par  Feu  M.  Ebelmen, 
Administrateur  de  la  Manufacture  Imperiale  de  Porcelaine  de 
Sevres.  Et  par  M.  Salvetat,  chimiste  de  la  manufacture  impe- 
riale de  Sevres.  In  Travaux  de  la  Commission  Francaise  sur 
ITndustrie  des  Nations.  1851,  t.  vi.  XXV.  Jury. 

Great  Exhibition,  London,  1851.  Official  Descriptive  and  Illustrated 
Catalogue.  Three  volumes. 

International  Exhibition,  1862.  Official,  Illustrated  Catalogue.  Four 
volumes.  London. 

Mete  YARD,  Life  of  Wedgwood.  Two  volumes.  London,  1865. 

Salvetat.  Repoi;t  on  the  Manufacture  of  Vitrifiable  colors,  made  in  the 
name  of  the  Committee  of  Ceramic  Art  to  the  Societe  cPEncour- 
agemmt  pour  V Industrie  Nationale.  Aug.,  1865. 

Arnoux,  Leon.  Report  on  the  Pottery,  Paris  Exposition,  1867.  British 
Reports,  Vol.  II.,  p.  391. 

Bonneville,  Paul.  Fabrication  des  Briques  et  des  Tuiles,  Article  Ixx. 

in  Vol.  VII.  of  Etudes  sur  FExposition,  E.  Lacroix,  Paris,  1867- 
1869.  8vo.,  with  atlas. 

Chandelon,  M.,  Prof.  Terres  cuites  et  gres.  Section  1 of  the  Report 
on  Class  17.  Rapports  du  Jury  International,  Paris  Exposition. 
1867,  iii.,  p.  100, 

Cole,  W.  Henry,  C.  B.  Report  on  Terra-Cotta,  Paris  Exposition,  1867, 
British  Reports,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  415-423. 

Dommartin,  M.  F,  Porcelaines  Dures,  Paris  Exposition,  1867.  Report 
in  the  Rapports  du  Jury  International,  t.  hi.,  Classe  17,  Section 
hi.,  p.  169. 


TITLES  OF  WORKS,  ETC. 


145 


Girard,  Aime.  I’aiences  fines  et  porcelaines  tendres,  Paris  Exposition 
of  1867.  Sect.  II.  of  Report  on  Class  17,  Rapports  du  Jury  In- 
ternational, iii.,  p.  115. 

•< 

Arnoux,  Leon,  Esq.  Report  on  Miscellaneous  Pottery  in  the  London 
International  Exhibition  of  1871.  Official  Reports  (British), 
Vol.  I.,  pp.  279-304. 

Davies,  Lieutenant  J.  G.  S.,  R.  E.  Report  on  Stoneware,  London  Inter- 
national Exposition  of  1871.  Official  Reports  [British],  Vol.  I., 
pp.  305-314. 

De  la  Beche,  Sir  Henry,  and  Trenham  Reeks.  Catalogue  of  Speci- 
mens in  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  illustrative  of  the 
Composition  and  Manufacture  of  British  Pottery  and  Porcelain. 
Second  Edition  of  T.  Reeks  and  F.  W.  Rudler,  London,  1871. 

Fortnum,  C.  Drury,  Esq.,  F.  S.  A.  Report  on  Earthenware  in  the  Inter- 
national Exhibition  of  1871.  Official  Reports  (British),  Vol.  I., 
pp.  223-241. 

Grovbr,  Lieutenant  G.  E.,  R.  E Report  on  Fire  Clay  Goods.  Official 
(British)  Reports,  International  Exhibition,  1871, 1.,  pp.  333-344. 

Magniac,  Charles,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  and  R.  H.  Goden  Smith,  F.  S.  A.  Re- 
port on  Porcelain  in  the  International  Exhibition  of  1871.  Offi- 
cial Reports  (British),  Vol.  I.,  pp.  243-278. 

Redgrave,  Gilbert  R.,  Esq.  Report  on  Terra-Cotta,  Bricks,  Encaustic 
and  other  Tiles,  to  the  International  Exhibition  of  1871.  Official 
Reports  (British),  Vol.  I.,  pp.  315-332. ' 

Beckwith,  Arthur.  Pottery.  Observations  on  the  materials  and  man- 
ufacture of  Terra-Cotta,  Stoneware,  Fire-brick,  Porcelain, 
Earthenware,  Brick,  Majolica  and  Encaustic  Tiles.  8vo.  p.  103. 

D.  Van  Nostrand,  New  York,  1872. 

Hunt,  Robert,  F.  R.  S.  Mineral  Statistics  of  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  for  the  year  1871.  Memoirs  of  the 
Geological  Survey  of  Great  Britain.  8vo.  London,  1872. 

Barth,  Carl.  Antiquitatenhandler-Porzellan-Marken  und  Monogramme. 

(Broadside  lithograph,  mounted  for  the  pocket.)  Stuttgart. 
Alfred  Bruchmann.  (3d  edition,  1873  ) 

Belgium.  Catalogue  des  Produits  Industriels  et  des  CEuvres  d’Art. 
Exposition  Universelle  de  Vienne  en  1873. 

Habermann,  Dr.  George.  Porzellan-,  Thon-,  und  Glas-Industrie. 

(Austria.)  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  Gewerbe  und  Erfmd- 
ungen  Oesterreichs.  Wien,  1873. 

Maiolica  Hispano-Moreso,  Persian,  Damascus  and  Rhodian  wares  in 
the  South  Kensington  Museum.  Descriptive  Catalogue,  etc.,  by 

E.  Drury  Fortnum,  F.  S.  A.  London,  1873. 

19 


146 


EXPOSITION  AT  VIENNA. 


Owen,  Hugh,  F.  S.  A.  Two  centuries  of  Ceramic  Art  in  Bristol ; being 
a history  of  the  manufacture  of  The  True  Porcelain,  by  Richard 
Champion,  etc.,  etc.  Large  8vo.  Printed  privately  for  the 
author.  Gloucester,  1873. 

Prussia  and  Germany.  Amtlicher  Katalog  der  Austellung  (Wiener 
Weltaustellung,  1873)  des  Deutschen  Reiches.  Berlin,  1873. 

Sweden.  Schweden,  Weltaustellung  1873  in  Wien  Statistische  Mittheil- 
ungen,  etc.  8vo.  Stockholm,  1873. 

Wienerberger  Ziegelsfabriks  und  Bau-Gessellschaft  zur  zeit  der 
Wiener  Weltaustellung,  1873.  8vo.  p.  92.  Wien,  1873. 

Locke,  Edward.  Ceramic  Ware.  (In  the  Artisan’s  Reports  upon  the 
Vienna  Exhibition  of  1873.  pp.  154-191.)  Manchester,  1874. 

8 VO. 

Lacroix,  A.  Practical  Instructions  for  Painting  on  China,  Earthenware, 
Glass  and  Enamel.  Translated  from  the  French  of  JDes  Couleurs 
Vitrifiables  of  A.  Lacroix,  with  additions  by  Aural.  Pamphlet. 
Lechertier,  Barbe  & Co.,  60  Regent  Street,  London,  p.  55. 

Science  and  Art  Department,  Great  Britain.  Classified  list  of  Pho- 
tograjihs  of  Pottery,  Porcelain  and  Glass  objects.  Published  by 
the  Arundel  Society  for  promoting  the  knowledge  of  Art.  Lon- 
don. 8vo.  No  date. 

South  Kensington  Museum.  Guide  to  the,  etc.  8vo.  Pamphlet 
London. 


m€E^^W3CS. 


TIFFANY  & CO., 

UNION  SQUARE, 

NEW  YORK, 

Devote  the  whole  of  the  third  floor  of  their  building  to  the 
exhibition  and  sale  of  POTTERY  and  GLASS  WARE. 

Their  collection  of  ARTISTIC  POTTERY  is  by  far 
the  richest  and  largest  in  this  country,  and  is  well  worth 
the  attention  of  connoisseurs  and  collectors. 

Every  factory  of  note  is  represented  by  choice  exam- 
ples in  modelling  or  painting  by  the  best  artists  of  to-day — 
some  of  them,  works  that  have  not  before  been  offered  in 
this  country. 

They  offer  also  a complete  assortment  of  articles  for 
household  use ; dinner,  dessert,  tea,  breakfast  and  lunch 
sets,  in  all  grades,  from  printed  stoneware  to  the  finest 
decorated  porcelain. 


GLASGOW  POTTERy  CO. 


Tron-ton,  3>J.  J, 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


WHITE  AND  DECORATED 


WHITE  GRANITE  A1 C,  C, 


BREAKFAST,  DINNER  AND  TEA  SERVICES, 


TOILET  SETS, 

— AND  — 

MISCELLANEOUS  ARTICLES. 


THREE  FIRST  PREMIUMS,  GOLD  and  SILVER 
MEDALS;  also,  FIRST  PREMIUM,  awarded  by  the 
CENTRAL  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY,  at  Trenton. 

TREINTOIX,  IV-  J. 


JOHN  MOSES,  Pres. 


JAMES  MOSES,  Seo*y  and  Treas. 


A.  A.  VANTINE  & CO., 

831  Broadway,  New  York. 



Japanese,  Chinese  & India  Goods, 

RICHLY  HLCORA^TEH 


Superb  Va§e§,  large  and  small,  for  Mantels,  Flowers,  and  Decoration  generally. 
Over  200  varieties,  selected  with  great  care  and  expense  at  the  chief  centers  of  produc- 
tion in  Japan,  China  and  India.  Tea  and  Dessert  Serviees,  Fire-Proof 
Tea  Pots,  Fruit  Dishes,  Fish  Dishes,  Salad  Bowls,  Puneh 
Bowls,  Dinner  Services.  India  and  Japanese  China  Dinner,  Tete-a- 
Tete,  Toilet,  Cologne,  Dessert  and  Chamber  Sets.  Water 
Bottles,  Flower  Pots,  Ring  Stands. 

SATSUMA  ^ MIACO  FAIENCE, 

Eichly  Decorated  and  made  to  Special  Order  for  this  Stock. 

Rare  and  curious  specimens  of  Porcelain  of  various  makers  and  dates,  secured 
in  Japan  and  China  by  our  agents.  Amateurs,  Collectors,  and  the  public  generally, 
are  invited  to  examine. 

JAPANESE  BRONZE  GOODS, 

In  great  Variety,  and  of  great  Rarity  and  Excellence, 

Such  as  Vases,  Flower  Pots,  Card  and  Ash  Receivers,  Storks, 
Candle  Sticks,  lHantel  Ornaments,  and  many  other  objects. 

LACQUER  WARE  AND  SILK  GOODS. 

Consisting  of  Stripe  and  Check  Wash  Silks  and  Pineapples.  White,  Drab 
and  Buff  Pongees.  Every  shade  of  India  Orenadine  and  Gauze,  all 
Silk,  Plain,  and  Satin  and  Silk  Stripes.  Beautiful  Embroidered  Satin  Bed 
Spreads,  Smoking  Caps,  Slippers.  Pin,  Sofa  and  Chair  Cushions. 
Grass  Cloth,  White  and  Drab.  Extra  Quality  Bamboo  Cloth,  and  fine 
Grass  Cloth  Handkerchiefs. 

Table  Mats,  Japanese  Sun  Shades,  Umbrellas,  Canes,  and  Cocoa  Brooms ; 
Fine  Cane  Baskets,  and  Rattan  Bird  Cages;  Lacquered  and  Gold  Fancy  Trays, 
Round,  Square,  Oval  and  other  shapes ; Beautiful  Cabinets  in  great  variety ; Sleeve 
Buttons,  Crystals,  Lockets,  and  Bamboo  Chains ; Silk,  Sandal  Wood,  Ivory, 
Lacquered,  and  White  and  Black  Feather  Fans ; Silk,  Embroidered  and  Paper 
Screens;  Puzzles,  Rice  Paper,  and  Rice  Paper  Pictures. 

Painted  Skeleton  Leaves;  Camphor  Trunks;  Japanese  and  Chinese  Toys; 
Lacquered  Dessert  Plates ; Tea  Poys  ; Large  Painted  Figures ; Illustrated  Books ; 
Magic,  Trick,  Bamboo  and  Puff  Boxes;  Wine  Bottle  Stands;  Magic  Eggs; 
Paper  Lanterns;  Parlor  Fire  Works  and  Alarming  Paper;  Magic  Flowers; 
Lip  Rouge  and  Toilet  Powder ; New  Bread  and  Fruit  Trays ; Tooth  Powder ; 
Wicker  Cups,  Curiosities  in  Pottery;  New  Styles  Wax-Wood  Puff  and 
Tobacco  Boxes;  Magnetic  Pish  and  Fish  Poles;  Gold  Lacquer,  Sandal  Wood, 
and  Rich  Inlaid  Glove ; Handkerchief,  and  Other  Boxes ; J ewel  Caskets  ; Mer- 
maids, and  a great  variety  of  Bird  Kites,  and  other  goods,  at  wholesale  and  retail. 

TIJRKIISH  and  PFRSIAIV  CARPETS  and  REGS  personally  selected 
by  Mr.  Vantine  when  in  Turkey. 

A.  A.  VANTINE  & CO., 

831  BSOADWAY,  BETWEEN  12tli  AND  13th  STS.,  NEW  TOEK. 


AND  LETTERERS  ON 


China,  Porcelain  and  Glass  Ware. 


Process  Patented  in  England,  Prance  and  the  United  States. 

lames,  lumbers,  Initials,  Mottoes,  Mono- 
grams, Likenesses,  Medallions,  Business 
Cards,  Orests,  Coats-of-Arms, 

Yiews,  Autographs, 

And  General  Decorations  on  China  or  other  Ware  for 

Hotels,  %ainl)oats,  Clubs,  Restaurants  and  Families. 


Not  only  all  styles  of  work  heretofore  done  by  hand, 
but  many  kinds  which  cannot  be  done  by  any  other  known 
process,  will  be  executed  to  order,  no  matter  how  minute 
in  detail  or  complex  in  delineation. 


12B  Union  Street, 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 


9 


The  Blake  Crusher  Co. 

New  Haven,  Conn., 

Manufacture  a size  of  their  Patent  Stone  Breaker,  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  use  of  POTTERIES,  Glass,  Fire 
Brick  and  Terra  Cotta  Works,  etc.,  for  crushing  to  a small 
size  Feldspar,  Flint,  Quartz,  Glass,  and  other  hard  and 
brittle  substances. 

It  is  simple,  compact  and  durable,  requiring  but 
little  space. 


The  crushing  plates  of  the  jaws  are  well  chilled,  and 
are  replaced  at  small  expense  when  worn  by  long  servic;e. 

Most  of  the  leading  Pottery,  and  other  manufacturers 
of  this  and  other  countries,  have  long  used  the  BLAKE 
CRUSHER  to  their  entire  satisfaction,  and  express  a high 
opinion  of  its  value  as  a labor  saver. 

For  Descriptive  Circulars,  address 

THE  BLAKE  CRUSHER  CO., 


^ew  Haven,  Conn, 


S.  L.  PEWTRESS  & CO., 

Chatham  St.,  Fair  Haven,  Conn., 

MANUFA.CTURERS  OF 


SIZES, 

HANGING  VASES,  FERN  VASES, 

iiiwia  w§m^ 

WITH  SAUCERS  ATTACHED, 

Red  Earthen  Pots,  Stove  Tubes, 

BUTTER  POTS, 

CREAM  POTS,  PRESERVE  JARS,  JUGS, 
Spittoons,  Bottles, 


GARDEN  VASES, 

RUSTIC  POTS,  RUSTIC  STUMPS,  &c., 
(D-asei*  Tase#,  Feffn  Tuses, 

or  ALL  KINDS  AND  SIZES, 

HANGING  FLOWER  POTS, 

WITH  SAUCERS  ATTACHED. 

ManufactuRxJD  and  Sold,  at  Wholesale  and  Retail,  at  the 


S.  L.  PEWTRESS  & CO., 

Chatham  Street,  - - Fair  Haven,  Conn. 


GARNKIRK  CHIMNEY  TOPS 


After  many  years’  use  in  this  country,  the  Chimney  Tops  of  the 
Gaknkiek  Fire-Clay  Company  have  been  found  to  resist  the  action 
of  coal  gas,  and  of  wet  and  freezing  weather.  They  all  tend  to 
improve  the  draft;  and  those  marked  as  Windguards  are  especially 
useful  where,  with  the  wind  in  a certain  direction,  there  is  a tendency 
to  occasional  puffs  down  the  chimney. 

Their  use  makes  the  chimney  a pleasing  feature  of  a dwelling  ; and 
in  many  cases,  at  a cost  no  greater  than  that  of  common  hrick-work. 

To  give  the  best  effect,  the  brick  work  should  be  built  up  a short 
distance  above  the  roof.  The  tops  may  be  set  on  the  bricks,  in  cement 
or  mortar,  but  it  is  better  to  let  them  into  a stone  cap  made  to  cover 
the  brick- work  and  project  over  it. 

Pattern  Sheets  will  be  sent,  on  application  to 

MILLER  & COATES, 

279  Pearl  Street,  New  York, 


MINTON’S  TILES, 

Iflcanetlc  affli  Plato, 

For  Floors, 

A.S  LA.IJD  BY  US  i:sr  THE 

CAPITOL  AT  WASHING-TON, 

AND  IN  NUMEROUS 

OHUROHES,  BANES,  COURT-HOUSES,  COUNTY  CLERKS’  OFFICES,  AND 
OTHER  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS,  AND  IN  THE  BEST  DWELL- 
INGS IN  EVERY  PART  OF  THE  COUNTRY. 

THEY  ARE  USED  FOR 

VESTIBULES,  ENTRANCE  HALLS, 

Hearths,  Conservatories,  Etc. 

ALSO, 

Glazed,  Enameled  and  Majolica 

TILES, 

IN  RICH  COLORS,  FOR 

MANTELS,  FIRE-PLACES,  HEARTHS,  DOOR 
FRAMES,  WAINSCOTING,  ETC. 

Both  kinds  are  used  in  BANDS  and  PANELS,  for 

EXTERIOR  REOORXTIOIV. 

Pattern  Sheets  and  prices  will  be  sent  on  application ; and  when 
required,  careful  workmen  will  be  sent  to  lay  floors. 

MILLER  & COATES,  j 

i 

PEARIi  ST.,  - NEW  TORK. 


No.  102. 


Scale,  one  inch  to  a foot. 

Patterns  of  Minton’s  Tiles  for  Floors, 

I''01(  SALE  BY 

MILLER  & COATES,  279  PEARL  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 


» 


V 


{ 


V- 


■ ._>■/ 


■f 


•.;1 


' 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS 


PUBLISHED  BY 

D.  Yan  Nosteaistd, 

23  Murray  Street  & 27  Warren  Street, 
NEW  YORK. 


Weisbach’s  Mechanics. 

New  and  Mevised  Edition, 

8vo.  Cloth.  $10.00. 

A MANUAL  OF  THE  MECHANICS  OF  ENOINEEEINO, 
and  of  the  Construction  of  Machines.  By  Julius  Weisbach,  Ph. 
D.  Translated  from  the  fourth  augmented  and  improved  Ger- 
man edition,  by  Eckley  B.  Coxe,  A.M.,  Mining  Engineer.  Vol. 
I. — Theoretical  Mechanics.  1,100  pages,  and  902  wol>d-cut 
illustrations. 

Abstract  op  Contents. — Introduction  to  the  Calculus — The  General 
Principles  of  Mechanics — Plioronomics,  or  the  Purely  Mathematical  Theory 
of  Motion — Mechanics,  or  the  General  Physical  Theory  of  Motion  Statics  of 
Rigid  Bodies — The  Application  of  Statics  to  Elasticity  and  Strength — Dynam- 
ics of  Rigid  Bodies -Statics  of  Fluids  - Dynamics  of  Fluids — The  Tlieory 
of  Oscillation,  ntc. 

“ The  present  edition  is  an  entirely  new  work,  greatly  extended  and  very 
much  improved.  It  forms  a text-book  which  must  find  its  way  into  the  hands, 
not  only  of  every  student,  but  of  every  engineer  who  desires  to  refresh  his  mem- 
ory or  acquire  clear  ideas  on  doubtful  points.’’ — Manufacturer  and  Builder. 

“We  hope  the  day  is  not  far  distant  when  a thorough  course  of  study  and 
education  as  such  shall  he  demanded  of  the  practising  engineer,  and  witli  this 
view  we  are  glad  to  welcome  this  translation  to  our  tongue  and  shores  of  ono 
of  the  most  able  of  the  educators  of  Europe.” — The  Technologist. 


SCIEN^TIFIO  HOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Francis’  Lowell  Hydraulics. 

f Third  Edition, 

j 4to.  Cloth.  $15.00. 

I LO^yELL  HYDRAULIC  EXPERIMENTS  — being  a Selec- 
tion from  Experiments  on  Hydraulic  Motors,  on  the  Plow  of 
} AVater  over  Weirs,  and  in  Open  Canals  of  Uniform  Rectangular 
Section,  made  at  Lowell,  Mass.  By  J.  B.  Francis,  Civil  Engineer. 
Third  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  including  many  New  Ex- 
periments on  Gauging  Water  in  Open  Canals,  and  on  the  Flow 
through  Submerged  Orifices  and  Diverging  Tubes.  With  23 
copperplates,  beautifully  engraved,  and  about  100  new  pages  of 
text. 

; The  work  is  divided  into  parts.  Part  I.,  on  hydraulic  motors,  includes 
ninety  “two  experiments  on  an  improved  Fourneyron  Tm-bine  Water-Wheel, 
of  about  two  hundred  horse-power,  with  rules  and  tables  for  the  construction 
of  similar  motors ; thirteen  experiments  on  a model  of  a centre-vent  water- 
wheel of  the  most  simple  design,  and  thirty -nine  experiments  on  a centre-vent 
water-wheel  of  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  horse-power. 

P.VRT  II.  includes  seventy -four  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  form  of  the  formula  for  computing  the  flow  of  water  over  weirs; 
nine  experiments  on  the  effect  of  back-water  on  the  flow  over  weirs ; eighty- 
eight  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  formirla  for  com- 
puting the  flow  over  weirs  of  regular  or  standard  forms,  with  several  tables 
of  comparisons  of  the  new  formula  with  the  results  obtained  by  former  experi- 
menters; five  experiments  on  the  flow  over  a dam  in  which  the  crest  was  of  the 
same  foim  as  that  birilt  by  the  Essex  Company  across  the  Merrimack  River  at 
Lawrence,  Massachusetts;  twenty-one  experiments  on  the  effect  of  observing 
the  depths  of  water  on  a weir  at  different  distances  from  the  weir ; an  exten- 
sive series  of  experiments  made  for  the  purpose  of  determining  rules  for 
gauging  streams  of  water  in  open  canals,  with  tables  for  facilitating  the  same ; 
and  one  hundred  and  one  experiments  on  the  discharge  of  water  through  sub- 
merged orifices  and  diverging  tubes,  the  whole  being  fully  illustrated  by 
twenty-three  double  plates  engraved  on  copper. 

In  1855  the  proprietors  of  the  Locks  and  Canals  on  Merrimack  River  con- 
sented to  the  publication  of  the  first  edition  of  this  work,  which  contained  a 
selection  of  the  most  important  hydraulic  experiments  m.ade  at  Lowell  up  to 
that  time.  In  tliis  edition  the  principal  hydraulic  experiments  made  there, 

I subsequent  to  1855,  have  be^n  added,  including  the  important  series  above 
mentioned,  for  determining-  rules  for  the  gauging  the  flow  of  water  in  open 
: .canals,  and  the  interesting  scries  on  the  flow  through  a submerged  VentmTs 

■ itabe,  in  which  a larger  flow  was  obtained  than  any  we  find  recorded. 

t 


j>,  VAN^  ArosTHAJsri>.  3 


Francis  on  Oast-Iron  Pillars. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

ON  THE  STEENGTH  OE  CAST-IRON  PILLARS,  with  Tables 
for  the  use  of  Engineers,  Architects,  and  Builders.  By  James  B. 
Eeancis,  Civil  Engineer. 


Merrill’s  Iron  Truss  Bridges. 

Second  Edition* 

4to.  Cloth.  $t1.00. 

IRON  TRUSS  BRIDGES  FOR  RAILROADS.  The  Method  of 
Calculating  Strains  in  Trusses,  with  a careful  comparison  of  the 
most  prominent  Trusses,  in  reference  to  economy  in  combination, 
etc.,  etc.  By  Brevet  Colonel  William  E.  Meerill,  U.S.A., 
Major  Corps  of  Engineers.  Nine  lithographed  plates  of  illustra- 
tions. 

The  work  before  us  is  an  attempt  to  give  a basis  for  sound  reform  in  this 
feature  of  railroad  engineering,  by  throwing  ‘ additional  light  upon  the 
method  of  calcul  tting  the  maxima  strains  that  can  come  upon  any  part  of  a 
bridge  truss,  and  upon  the  manner  of  proportioning  each  part,  so  that  it  shall 
be  as  strong  relatively  to  its  own  strains  as  any  other  part,  alid  so  that  the 
entire  bridge  may  be  strong  enough  to  sustain  several  times  as  great  strains 
as  the  greatest  that  can  come  upon  it  in  actual  use.’  ” — Scientific  American. 

“ The  author  has  presented  his  views  in  a clear  and  intelligent  manner,  and 
the  ingenuity  displayed  in  coloring  the  figures  so  as  to  present  certain  facts 
to  the  eye  forms  no  inappreciable  part  of  the  merits  of  the  work.  The  reduc- 
tion of  the  ‘ formulas  for  obtaining  the  strength,  volume,  and  weight  of  a cast- 
iron  pillar  under  a strain  of  compression,’  will  be  very  acceptable  to  those  who 
have  occasion  hereafter  to  make  investigations  involving  these  conditions.  As 
a whole,  the  work  has  been  well  done.” — Railroad  Gazette^  Chicago. 


Humber’s  Strains  in  Girders. 

18mo.  Cloth.  $2.50. 

A HANDY  BOOK  FOR  THE  CALCULATION  OF  STRAINS 
IN  GIRDERS'  and  Similar  Structures,  and  tlioir  Strengtli,  con- 
sisting of  Formuko  and  Corresponding  Diagrams,  with  numerous 
details  for  practical  application.  By  William  Humber.  Fully 
illustrated. 


4 SCIEXTIFJG  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Shreve  on  Bridges  and  Roofs. 

8vo,  87  wood-cTit  illustrations.  Cloth  $5.00. 

A TREATISE  ON  THE  STRENGTH  OF  BRIDGES  AND 
ROOFS-“Comprising  the  determination  of  Algebraic  formulas 
for  Strains  in  Horizontal,  Inclined  or  Rafter,  Triangular,  Bow- 
string, Lenticular  and  other  Trusses,  from  fixed  and  moving 
loads,  with  practical  applications  and  examples,  for  the  use  of 
Students  and  Engineers.  By  Samuel  H.  Shseve,  A.M.,  Civil 
Engineer. 

**On  the  whole,  Mr.  Shreve  has  produced  a book  which  is  the  simplest, 
clearest,  and  at  the  same  time,  the  most  systematic  and  with  the  best  math- 
ematical reasoning  of  any  work  upon  the  same  subject  in  the  language.” — 
Bailroad  Gazette. 

“ From  the  unusually  clear  lauguagein  which  Mr.  Shreve  has  given  every 
statement,  the  student  will  have  but  himself  to  blame  if  he  does  not  become 
! thorougli  master  of  the  subject.” — London  ILining  Joarnal. 

“Mr.  Shreve  has  produced  a work  that  must  always  take  high  rank  as  a 
! text-book,  * * « and  no  Bridge  Engineer  should  be  without  it,  as  a 

I valuable  work  of  reference,  and  one  that  will  frequently  assist  him  out  of 
I difficulties.” — Franklin  Institute  Journal. 


j The  Kansas  City  Bridge. 

I 4to.  Cloth-  $6.00 

I WITH  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  REGIMEN  OF  THE  MIS- 
SOURI RIVER,  and  a description  of  the  Methods  used  for 
Founding  in  that  River.  By  0.  Chaxute,  Chief  Engineer,  and 
Geoege  Moeisox,  Assistant  Engineer.  Illustrated  with  five 
lithographic  views  and  twelve  plates  of  plans. 

I Illustrations. 

I 

Views. — View  of  the  Kansas  City  j tion  Works,  Pier  No.  3.  IV.  Founda- 
Bridge,  August  %,  1809.  Lowering  I tion  Works,  Pier  No.  4.  V.  Eounda- 
Gaisson  No.  1 into  position.  Caisson  | tion  AVorks,  Pier  No.  4.  VI.  Caisson 
for  Pier  No.  4 broixght  into  position.  i No.  5^-Sheet  Piling  at  Pier  No.  G — 
View  of  Foundation  Works,  Pier  No.  ! Details  of  Dredges — Pile  Shoe — Bg9on 
4.  Pier  No.  1.  i Box.  VII.  Masonry — Draw  Protec- 

Plates. — I.  Map  showing  location  1 tion — False  Works  between  Piers  3 
of  Bridge.  II.  Water  Record — Cross  i and  4.  VIII.  Floating  Derricks. 
Section  of  River— Profile  of  Crossing  , IN.  General  Elevation — 170  feet  span. 
— Pontoon  Protection.  III.  AVater  \ X.  248  feet  span.  XL  Plans  of  Draw. 
Deadener — Caisson  No.  2 — Founda  j XII.  Strain  Diagrams. 


B.  VAJ^  JVOSTJiAJVD.  . 5 


Clarke’s  Quincy  Bridge. 

4to.  Cloth.  17.50. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  IRON  RAILWAY  Bridge  aeross  the 
Mississippi  River  at  Quine v,  Illinois.  By  Thomas  Curtis  Clarke, 
Chief  Engineer,  Illustrated  with  twenty-one  lithographed 
plans. 

Illustrations. 


Plates. — General  Plan  of  Missis- 
sippi River  at  Quincy,  showing  loca- 
tion of  Bridge.  Ha.  General  Sections 
of  Mississippi  River  at  Quincy,  show- 
ing location  of  Bridge.  11b.  General 
Sections  of  Mississippi  River  at  Quin- 
cy, showing  location  of  Bridge.  III. 
General  Sections  of  Mississippi  River 
at  Quincy,  showing  location  of  Bridge. 
IV.  Plans  of  Masonry.  V.  Diagram 
of  Spans,  showing  the  Dimensions, 
Arrangement  of  Panels,  etc.  VI.  Two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  span,  and  de- 
tails. VII.  Three  hundred  and  sixty 
feet  Pivot  Draw.  VIII.  Details  of 
three  hundred  and  sixty  feet  Draw. 
IX.  Ice-Breakers,  Foundations  of  Piers 
and  Abutments,  Water  Table,  and 


Curve  of  Deflections.  X.  Founda- 
tions of  Pier  2,  in  Process  of  Con- 
struction. XI.  Foundations  of  Pier 
3,  and  its  Protection.  XII.  Founda- 
tions of  Pier  3,  in  Process  of  Construc- 
tion, and  Steam  Dredge.  XIII,  Foun- 
dations of  Piers  5 to  18,  in  Process 
of  Construction.  XIV.  False  Works, 
showing  Process  of  Handling  and  Set- 
ting Stone.  XV.  False  Works  for 
Ra^ng  Iron  Work  of  Superstructure. 
XX^  Steam  Dredge  used  in  Founda- 
tions 9 to  18.  XVII.  Single  Bucket 
Dredge  used  in  Foundations  of  Bay 
Piers.  XVIII.  Saws  used  for  Cut- 
ting Piles  under  water,  XIX.  Sand 
Pump  and  Concrete  Box.  XX  Ma- 
sonry Travelling  Crane, 


Whipple  on  Bridge  Building. 

8vo,  Illustrated.  Cloth.  $4.00. 

AN  ELEMENTARY  AND  PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON 
BRIDGE  BUILDING.  An  enlarged  and  improved  edition  of 
the  Author’s  original  work.  By  S.  Whipple,  C.  E.,  Inventor  of 
the  Whipple  Bridges,  &c.  Second  Edition. 

The  design  has  been  to  develop  from  Fundamental  Principles  a system  easy 
of  comprehension,  and,  such  as  to  enable  the  attentive  reader  and  stiident  to 
j udge  understandingly  for  himself,  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  different  plans 
and  combinations,  and  to  adopt  for  use  such  as  may  be  most  stiitable  for  the 
cases  he  may  have  to  deal  with. 

It  is  hoped  the  work  may  prove  an  ai>propriate  Text-Book  upon  the  .subjo<;t 
treated  of,  for  the  Engineering  Student,  and  a useful  manual  for  the  Practic- 
ing Engineer  and  Bridge  Builder. 


8 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISIIEI)  BY 


Henrici’s  Skeleton  Stnictnres. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

SKELETON  STKUCTUKES,  especially  in  their  Application  to 
the  building  of  Steel  and  Iron  Bridges.  By  Glaus  IIenrici. 
With  folding  plates  and  diagrams. 

By  pi-esenting-  these  general  examinations  on  Skeleton  Structures,  "with 
particular  application  for  Suspended  Bridges,  to  Engineers,  I renture  to  ex- 
press the  hope  that  they  will  receive  these  theoretical  results  with  some  confi- 
dence, even  although  an  opportunity  is  wanting  to  compare  them  with  practi- 
cal results.  0.  H. 


Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men. 

Pocket  form.  Morocco,  gilt,  $2.00. 

Compiled  by  W.  G.  Hamilton,  Engineer.  Fifth  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  570  pages. 

“ It  embodies  many  valuable  formulae  and  recipes  useful  for  railway  men, 
and,  indeed,  for  almost  every  class  of  persons  in  the  world.  The  ‘ informa- 
tion ’ comprises  some  valuable  formulae  and  rules  for  the  construction  of 
boilers  and  engines,  masonry,  properties  of  steel  and  iron,  and  the  strength 
of  materials  generally.” — Railroad  Oazettey  Chicago. 


Brooklyn  Water  Works. 

1 vol.  folio.  Cloth.  $25.00. 

A DESCEIPTIVE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CONSTEUCTION  OF 
THE  WOEKS,  and  also  Eeports  on  the  Brooklyn,  Hartford, 
Belleville,  and  Cambridge  Bumping  Engines.  Prepared  and 
printed  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners.  With 
59  illustrations. 

Contents. — Supply  Ponds — The  Conduit  -Ridgewood  Engine  House  and 
Pump  Well — Ridgewood  Engines — Force  Mains — Ridgewood  Reservoir — 
Pipe  Distribution — Mount  Prospect  Reservoir — Mount  Prospect  Engine 
House  and  Engine — Drainage  Grounds — Sewerage  Works — Appendix. 


D.  VAlSr  NOSTRAN-IX  9 


Kirkwood  on  Filtration. 

4to.  Cloth,  $15.00. 

EEPORT  ON  THE  EILTEATION  OF  EIYEE  WATEES,  for 
the  Supply  of  Cities,  as  practised  in  Europe,  made  to  the  Board 
of  Water  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis.  By  James  P. 
Kirkwood.  Illustrated  by  30  double-plate  engravings. 

Contents. — Report  on  Filtration — London  Works,  General — Chelsea 
Water  Yv^orks  and  Filters — Lambeth  Water  Works  and  Filters — Southwark 
and  Vauxhall  Water  Works  and  Filters — Grand  Junction  Water  Works  and 
Filters — Wesi;  Middlesex  Water  Works  and  Filters — New  River  Water 
Works  and  Filters — East  London  Water  Works  and  Filters — Leicester  Water 
Works  and  Filters — York  Water  Works  and  Filters — Liverpool  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Edinburgh  Water  Works  and  Filters — Dublin  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Perth  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Gallery — Berlin  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Hamburg  Water  Works  and  Reservoirs — Altona  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Tours  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Canal— Angers  ^Yater 
Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Nantes  Water  Works  and  Filters — Lyons 
Water  Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Toulouse  Water  Works  and  Filtering 
Galleries — Marseilles  Water  Works  and  Filters — Genoa  Water  Works  and 
Filtering  Galleries — Leghorn  Water  Works  and  Cisterns — Wakefield  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Appendix. 


Tunner  on  Roll-Turning. 

1 vol.  8vo.  and  1 vol.  plates.  $10.00. 

A TREATISE  ON  EOLL-TUENING  FOE  THE  MANUFAC- 
TUEE  OF  lEON.  By  Peter  Tunner.  Translated  and  adapted. 
By  John  B.  Pe.irse,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Steel  AVorks.  With 
numerous  wood-cuts,  8vo.,  together  with  a folio  atlas  of  10  litho- 
graphed plates  of  Eolls,  Measurements,  &c. 

“Wo  commend  this  book  as  a clear,  elaborate,  and  practical  treatise  upon 
the  department  of  iron  manufacturing  operations  to  which  it  is  devoted. 
The  writer  states  in  his  preface,  that  for  twenty-five  years  ho  has  felt  the 
necessity  of  such  a^  work,  and  has  evidently  brought  to  its  pr(‘paration  the 
fj'uits  of  experience,  a painstaking  regard  for  accuracy  of  statement,  and  a 
desire  to  furnish  information  in  a style  readily  understood.  The  book  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  interested,  either  in  the  general  practice  of 
mechanical  engineering,  or  the  special  branch  of  manufacturing  operations  to 
which  the  work  relates.’  — American  x^rtisan. 


8 SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Henrici’s  Skeleton  Structures. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

SKELETON  STKUCTUBES,  especially  in  their  Application  to 
the  building  of  Steel  and  Iron  Bridges.  By  Olaus  IIenrici. 
With  folding  plates  and  diagrams. 

By  presenting  these  general  examinations  on  Skeleton  Structures,  with 
particular  application  for  Suspended  Bridges,  to  Engineers,  I renture  to  ex- 
press the  hope  that  they  will  receive  these  theoretical  results  with  some  confi- 
dence, even  although  an  opportunity  is  wanting  to  compare  them  with  practi- 
cal results.  0.  H. 


Useful  Information  for  Railway  Men. 

Pocket  form.  Morocco,  gilt,  $2.00. 

Compiled  by  W.  G.  Hamilton,  Engineer.  Fifth  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  570  pages. 

“ It  embodies  many  valuable  formuise  and  recipes  useful  for  railway  men, 
and,  indeed,  for  almost  every  class  of  persons  in  the  world.  The  ‘ informa- 
tion ’ comprises  some  valuable  formulae  and  rules  for  the  construction  of 
boilers  and  engines,  masonry,  properties  of  steel  and  iron,  and  the  strength 
of  materials  generally.” — Railroad  Gazette^  Chicago. 


Brooklyn  Water  Works. 

1 vol.  folio.  Cloth.  $25.00. 

A DESCKIPTIVE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  CONSTEUCTION  OF 
THE  WOEKS,  and  also  Eeports  on  the  Brooklyn,  Hartford, 
Belleville,  and  Cambridge  Bumping  Engines.  Prepared  and 
printed  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Water  Commissioners.  With 
59  illustrations. 

Contents. — Supply  Ponds — The  Conduit  — Ridgewood  Engine  House  and 
Pump  Well — Ridgewood  Engines — Force  Mains — Ridgewood  Reservoir 
Pipe  Distribution — Mount  Prospect  Reservoir — Mount  Prospect  Engine 
House  and  Engine — Drainage  Grounds — Sewerage  Works — Appendix. 


D.  T'A.Y  J~OSTYA.VJ^. 


Kirkwood  on  Filtration. 

4to.  Cloth.  $15.00. 

EEPOET  OX  THE  EILTEATIOX  OF  EITEE  WATEES,  for  | 
the  Supply  of  Cities,  as  practised  in  Europe,  made  to  the  Board  | 
of  AVater  Commissioners  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis.  By  James  F. 
Kirkwood.  Illustrated  by  30  double-plate  engraHugs.  ! 

Contents. — Report  on  Filtration — London  "W^orks,  G-eneral — Chelsea 
Water  Ydorks  and  Filters — Lambeth  Water  Works  and  Filters — Southwark 
and  Vauxhall  Water  Works  and  Filters — Grand  Junction  Water  Works  and 
Filters — West  ^Middlesex  Water  Works  and  Filters — Xew  River  Water 
Works  and  Filters — East  London  Water  Works  and  Filters — Leicester  Water 
Works  and  Filters — York  Water  Works  and  Filters — Liverpool  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Edinburgh  Water  Works  and  Filters — Dublin  Water  Works 
and  Filters — Perth  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Gallery — Berlin  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Hamburg  Water  Works  and  Reservoirs — Altona  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Tours  Water  Works  and  Filtering  Canal— Angers  Water 
Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Xantes  Water  Works  and  Filters — Lyons 
Water  Works  and  Filtering  Galleries — Toulouse  Water  Works  and  Filtering 
Galleries — Marseilles  Water  Works  and  Filters — Genoa  Water  Works  and 
Filtering  Galleries — Leghorn  Water  Works  and  Cisterns — Wakefield  Water 
Works  and  Filters — Appendix. 


Tunner  on  Roll-Turning. 

1 vol.  Svo.  and  1 vol.  plates.  $10.00. 

A TEEATISE  OX  EOLL-TUEXIXG  FOE  THE  MAXUFAC- 
TL'^EE  OF  lEOX.  By  Feter  Tenner.  Translated  and  adapted. 
By  John  B.  Fearse,  of  the  Fennsylvania  Steel  AVorks.  With 
nnmerous  wood-cuts,  8vo.,  together  with  a folio  atlas  of  10  litho- 
graphed plates  of  Eolls,  Aleasurements,  &c. 

“ We  cominend  this  book  as  a clear,  elaborate,  and  ju'actical  treatise  upon 
the  department  of  iron  manufacturing  operations  to  Avhich  it  is  devoted. 
The  wrin-r  states  in  his  preface,  that  for  twenty-five  years  he  has  felt  the 
necessity  of  such  a,  work,  and  has  evidently  brought  to  its  preparation  the 
fj'uits  of  ex’>erience,  a paimstaking  regard  for  accuracy  of  statement,  and  a 
desire  to  furnish  information  in  a .style  readily  undersUxjd.  The  lxHik  should 
be  in  the  hands  of  every  one  interested,  either  in  the  general  practice  of 
mechanical  engineering,  or  the  special  brunch  of  manufacturing  o})crations  to 
which  the  work  relates.’ — Anitricaa  Artisan. 


10  SCIEKfTIFIG  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


G-lynn  on  the  Power  of  Water. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.00. 

A TREATISE  ON  THE  POWER  OF  WATER,  as  applied  to 
drive  Flour  Mills,  and  to  give  motion  to  Turbines  and  other 
Hydrostatic  Engines.  By  Joseph  Glynn,  F.R.  S.  Third  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged,  with  numerous  illustrations. 


Hewson  on  Embankments. 

Bv^o.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

PRINCIPLES  AND  PRACTICE  OF  EMBANKING  LANDS 
from  River  Floods,  as  applied  to  the  Levees  of  the  Mississippi. 
By  William  Hewson,  Civil  Engineer. 

This  is  a valuable  treatise  on  the  principles  and  practice  of  embanking 
lands  from  river  floods,  as  applied  to  the  Levees  of  the  Mississippi,  by  a highly 
intelligent  and  experienced  engineer.  The  author  says  it  is  a first  attempt 
to  reduce  to  order  and  to  rule  the  design,  execution,  and  measurement  of  the 
Levees  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  a most  useful  and  needed  contribution  to 
scientific  literature. — Philadelphia  Evening  Journal. 


Gruner  on  Steel. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  STEEL.  By  M.  L.  Gruner,  trans- 
lated from  the  French.  By  Lenox  Smith,  A.  M.,  E.  M.,  with  an 
appendix  on  the  Bessemer  Process  in  the  United  States,,  by  the 
translator.  Illustrated  by  lithographed  drawings  and  wood-cuts. 

“ The  jjurpose  of  the  work  is  to  present  a careful,  elaborate,  and  at  the 
same  time  practical  examination  into  the  physical  properties  of  steel,  as  well 
as  a description  of  the  new  processes  and  mechanical  appliances  for  its  manufac- 
ture. The  information  which  it  contains,  gathered  from  many  trustworthy 
sources,  will  be  found  of  much  value,  to  the  American  steel  manufacturer, 
who  may  thus  acquaint  himself  with  the  results  of  careful  and  elaborate  ex- 
periments in  other  countries,  and  better  prepare  himself  for  successful  com- 
petition in  this  important  industry  with  foreign  makers.  The  fact  that  this 
volume  is  from  the  pen  of  one  of  the  ablest  metallurgists  of  the  present  day, 
cannot  fail,  we  think,  to  secure  for  it  a favorable  consideration. — Iron  Age. 


D.  XOSTMAXD.  11 


Bauerman  on  Iron. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

TEEATISE  OX  THE  METALLUEGY  OF  lEOX.  Contain- 
ing outlines  of  the  History  of  Iron  Manufacture,  methods  of 
Assay,  and  analysis  of  Iron  Ores,  processes  of  manufacture  of 
Iron  and  Steel,  etc.,  etc.  By  H.  BArEUMiN.  First  American 
edition.  Eevised  and  enlarged,  Tvith  an  appendix  on  the  Martin 
Process  for  making  Steel,  from  the  report  of  Abram  S.  Hewitt. 
Illustrated  with  numerous  wood  engravings. 

“ This  is  an  important  addition  to  the  stock  of  technical  works  published  in 
this  country.  It  embodies  the  latest  facts,  discoveries,  and  processes  con- 
nected with  the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel,  and  should  be  in  the  hands  of 
every  person  interested  in  the  subject,  as  well  as  in  all  technical  and  scientific 
libraries.” — Scientific  American. 


Link  and  Valve  Motions,  by  W.  S. 
Auchincloss. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

APPLICATIOX  OP  THE  SLIDE  YALYE  and  Link  Motion  to 
Stationary,  Portable,  Locomotive  and  Marine  Engines,  with  new 
and  simple  methods  for  proportioning  the  parts.  By  William 
S.  ArcnixcLoss,  Chil  and  Mechanical  Engineer.  Designed  as 
a hand-book  for  Mechanical  Engineers,  Master  Mechanics, 
Draughtsmen  and  Students  of  Steam  Engineering.  All  dimen- 
sions of  the  valve  are  found  with  the  greatest  ease  by  means  of 
a Printed  Scale,  and  proportions  of  the  link  determined  icithout 
the  assistance  of  a model.  Illustrated  by  37  wood-cuts  and  21 
lithographic  plates,  together  with  a copperplate  engraving  of  the 
Travel  Sc-ale. 

All  the  matters  we  have  mentioned  are  treated  with  a clearness  and  absence 
of  unnecessary  verbiage  which  renders  the  work  a peculiarly  valuable  one. 
The  Travel  Scale  only  requires  to  be  known  to  bo  appreciated.  Mr.  A.  writes 
80  ably  on  his  subject,  we  wish  he  had  written  more.  London  En- 
gineering. 

Me  liave  never  opened  a work  relating  to  steam  which  seemed  to  us  better 
calculated  to  give  an  intelligent  mind  a clear  understanding  of  the  dei>art- 
ment  it  dLscusses. — Scientific  American. 


12  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Slide  Yalve  by  Eccentrics,  by  Prof. 
O.  W.  MacCord. 

4to.  Illustrated.  Cloth,  |4.00. 

A PRACTICAL  TREATISE  ON  THE  SLIDE  YALYE  BY 
ECCENTRICS,  examining  by  methods,  the  action  of  the  Eccen- 
tric upon  the  Slide  Yalve,  and  explaining  the  practical  proces- 
ses of  laying  out  the  movements,  adapting  the  valve  for  its 
various  duties  in  the  steam-engine.  For  the  use  of  Engineers, 
Draughtsmen,  Machinists,  and  Students  of  valve  motions  in 
general.  By  C.  "W.  MacCoed,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  Mechanical 
Drawing,  Stevens’  Institute  of  Technology,  Hobohen,  N J. 


Stillman’s  Steam-Engine  Indicator. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.00. 

THE  STEAM-ENGINE  INDICATOR,  and  the  Improved  Mano- 
meter Steam  and  Y acuum  Gauges ; their  utility  and  application 
By  Paul  Stillman.  New  edition. 

Bacon’s  Steam-Engine  Indicator. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.00.  Mor.  $1.50. 

A TREATISE  ON  THE  RICHARDS  STEAM-ENGINE  IN- 
DICATOR, with  directions  for  its  use.  By  Chaeles  T.  Poetee. 
Revised,  with  notes  and  large  additions  as  developed  by  Amer- 
ican Practice,  with  an  Appendix  containing  useful  formula)  and 
rules  for  Engineers.  By  E.  W.  Bacon,  M.  E.,  Member  of  the 
American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers.  Illustrated.  Second  Edition 

In  this  work,  Mr.  Porter’s  book  has  been  taken  as  the  basis,  but  Mr.  Bacon 
has  adapted  it  to  American  Practice,  and  has  conferred  a great  boon  on 
American  Engineers. — Artisan. 


Bartol  on  Marine  Boilers. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

TREATISE  ON  THE  MARINE  BOILERS  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES.  By  H.  B.  Baetol.  Illustrated. 


D.  VAN  NOSTRAND. 


f 


13 


Gillmore’s  Limes  and  Cements. 

Fourth  Edition,  'Revised  and  Enlargd. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $4,00. 

PEACTICAL  TEEATISE  ON  LIMES,  HYLEAULIC  CE- 
MENTS, AND  MOETAES.  Papers  on  Practical  Engineering, 
U.  S.  Engineer  Department,  No.  9,  containing  Eeports  of 
numerous  experiments  conducted  in  New  York  City,  during  the 
years  1858  to  1861,  inclusive.'  By  O,  A.  Gillmoee,  Brig-General 
U.  S.  Volunteers,  and  Major  U.  S.  Corps  of  Engineers.  With 
numerous  illustrations. 

“ This  work  contains  a record  of  certain  experiments  and  researches  made 
under  the  authority  of  the  Engineer  Bureau  of  the  "War  Department  from 
1858  to  1861,  upon  the  various  hydraulic  cements  of  the  United  States,  and 
the  materials  for  their  manufacture.  The  experiments  were  carefully  made, 
and  ai'e  well  reported  and  compiled.  ’ — Journal  Fra,nklin  Instit/ute. 


Grillmore’s  Coignet  Beton. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

COIGNET  BETON  AND  OTHEE  AETIFICIAL  STONE.  By 
Q.  A.  Gillmoke.  9 Plates,  Views,  etc. 

This  work  describes  with  considerable  minuteness  of  detail  the  several  kinds 
of  artificial  stone  in  most  general  Use  in  Europe  and  now  beginning  to  be 
introduced  in  the  United  States,  discusses  their  properties, ' relative  merits, 

and  cost,  and  describes  the  materials  of  which  they  are  composed 

The  subject  is  one  of  special  and  growing  interest,  and  wo  commend  the  work, 
embodying  as  it  does  the  matured  opinions  of  an  experienced  engineer  and 
expert. 


Williamson’s  Practical  Tables. 

4to.-  Flexible  Cloth.  $2.50. 

PEACTICAL  TABLES  IN  METEOEOLOGY  AND  IIYPSO- 
METEY,  in  connection  with  the  use  of  tho  Barometer.  By  Col. 
E.  S.  WiLLIAMSOM,  U.  S.  A. 


14 


SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Williamson  on  the  Barometer. 

4to.  aoth.  i|15.00. 

ON  THE  USE  OF  THE  BAROMETEE  ON  SHRYEYS  AND 
RECONNAISSANCES.  Part  I.  Meteorology  in  its  Connec- 
tion with  Hypsometry.  Part  II..  Barometric  Hypsometry.  By 
R.  S.  Williamson,  Bvt.  Lieut.-Col.  XT.  S.  A.,  Major  Corps  of 
Engineers.  With  Illustrative  Tables  and  Engravings.  Paper 
No.  15,  Professional  Papers,  Corps  of  Engineers. 

“ San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Feh.  27,  1867. 

Gen.  A.  A.  Humphreys,  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  Army  : 

“ General, — I have  the  honor  to  submit  to  you,  in  the  following  pages,  the 
results  of  my  investigations  in  meteorology  and  hypsom.etry,  made  with  the 
view  of  ascertaining  how  far  the  barometer  can  be  used  as  a reliable  instru- 
ment for  determining  altitudes  on  extended  lines  of  survey  and  reconnais- 
sances. These  investigations  have  occupied  the  leisure  permitted  me  from  my 
professional  duties  during  the  last  ten  years,  and  I hope  the  results  will  be 
deemed  of  sufficient  value  to  have  a place  assigned  them  among  the  printed 
professional  papers  of  the  United  States  Corps  of  Engineers. 

“ V ery  respectfully,  your  obedient  servant, 

“E.  S.  WILLIAMSON, 

“ Bvt.  Lt.-Col.  U.  S.  A.,  Major  Corps  of  U.  S.  Engineers.” 


Yon  Cotta’s  Ore  Deposits. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $4.00. 

TREATISE  ON  ORE  DEPOSITS.  By  Bernhard  Von  Cotta, 
Professor  of  Geology  in  the  Royal  School  of  Mines,  Freidberg, 
SaNony.  Translated  from  the  second  German  edition,  by 
Frederick  Prime,  Jr.,  Mining  Engineer,  and  revised  by  the 
author,  with  numerous  illustrations. 

“ Prof.  Von  Cotta  of  the  Freiberg  School  of  Mines,  is  the  author  of  the 
best  modern  treatise  on  ore  deposits,  and  we  are  heartily  glad  that  this  ad- 
mirable work  has  been  translated  and  published  in  this  country.  The  trans- 
lator, Mr.  Frederick  Prime,  Jr.,  a graduate  of  Freiberg,  has  had  in  his  work 
the  great  advantage  of  a revision  by  the  author  himself,  who  declares  in  a 
prefatory  note  that  this  may  be  considered  as  a new  edition  (the  third;  of  his 
own  book. 

“ It  is  a timely  and  welcome  contribution  to  the  literature  of  mining  in 
this  country,  and  we  are  grateful  to  the  translator  for  his  enterprise  and  good 
judgment  in  undertaking  its  preparation  ; while  we  recognize  with  equal  cor- 
diality the  liberality  of  the  author  in  granting  both  permission  and  assist- 
ance. ” — Extract  from  Review  in  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal. 


IX  VAN'  mjSTllANl).  15 


Plattner’s  Blow-Pipe  Analysis. 

Second  edition.  Revised.  8vo.  Cloth.  $7.50. 

PLATTNER’S  MANUAL  OF  QUALITATIVE  AND  QUiVN- 
TITATIVE  ANALYSIS  WITH  THE  BLOW-PIPE.  From 
the  last  German  edition  Revised  and  enlarged.  Bj  Prof.  Th. 
Richtee,  of  the  Royal  Saxon  Mining  Academy.  Translated  by 
Prof.  II.  B.  Cornwall,  Assistant  in  the  Columbia  School  of 
Mines,  New  York ; assisted  by  John  H.  Caswell.  Illustrated 
with  eighty-seven  wood-cuts  and  one  Lithographic  Plate.  560 
pages. 

“ Plattner’s  celebrated  work  has  long  been  recognized  as  the  only  complete 
book  on  Blow-Pipe  Analysis.  The  fourth  German  edition,  edited  by  Prof. 
Richter,  fully  sustains  the  reputation  which  the  earlier  editions  acquired  dur- 
ing the  lifetime  of  the  author,  and  it  is  a source  of  great  satisfaction,  to  us  to 
know  that  Prof.  Richter  has  co-operated  with  the  translator  in  issuing  the 
American  edition  of  the  work,  which  is  in  fact  a fifth  edition  of  the  original 
work,  being  far  more  complete  than  the  last  German  edition.” — 8'dUmau's 
Journal. 

There  is  nothing  so  complete  to  be  found  in  the  English  language.  Platt- 
ner’s book  is  not  a mere  pocket  edition  ; it  is  intended  as  a comprehensive  guide 
to  all  that  is  at  present  known  on  the  blow-pipe,  and-  as  such  is  really  indis- 
pensable to  teachers  and  advanced  pupils. 

Mr.  Cornwall’s  edition  is  something  more  than  a translation,  as  it  contains 
many  corrections,  emendations  and  additions  not  to  be  found  in  the  original. 
It  is  a decided  improvement  on  the  work  in  its  German  dress.” — Journal  of 
Applied  Chemistry. 


Egleston’s  Mineralogy. 

8vo.  Illustrated  with  34  Lithographic  Plates.  Cloth.  $4.50. 

LECTURES  ON  DESCRIPTIVE  iHINERALOGY,  Delivered 
at  tlio  School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College.  Br  Proeessou  T. 
Eoleston. 

Tlicso  lectures  are  what  thoir  title  indicates,  the  lectures  on  Mineralo<ry 
delivered  at  the  School  of  Mines  of  Columbia  College.  They  have  been 
printed  for  the  students,  in  order  that  more  time  might  bo  given  to  the  vari- 
ous methods  of  examining  and  determining  minerals.  The  second  part  has 
only  been  printed.  Tlio  first  i)art,  comprising  crystallograpliy  and  physical 
mineralogy,  will  bo  printed  at  some  future  time. 


16  SCIENTIFIC  HOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Pynclion’s  Chemical  Physics. 

New  Edition.  Revised  and  Enlarged. 

Crown  8vo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

INTEODUCTION  TO  CHEMICAL  PHYSICS,  Designed  for  the 
Use  of  Academies,  Colleges,  and  High  Schools.  Illustrated  with 
numerous  engravings,  and  containing  copious  experiments  with 
directions  for  preparing  them.  By  Thomas  Ptjggles  Pyxchon, 
M.A.,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  the  Natural  Sciences,  Trinity 
College,  Hartford. 

Hitherto,  no  work  suitable  for  general  use,  treating  of  all  these  subjects 
within  the  limits  of  a single  volume,  could  be  found  ; consequently  the  atten- 
tion they  have  received  has  not  been  at  all  proportionate  to  their  importance. 
It  is  believed  that  a book  containing  so  much  valuable  information  within  so 
small  a compass,  cannot  fail  to  meet  with  a ready  sale  among  all  intelligent 
persons,  while  Professional  men.  Physicians,  Medical  Students,  Photograph- 
ers, Telegraphers,  Engineers,  and  Artisans  generally,  will  find  it  specially 
valuable,  if  not  nearly  indispensable,  as  a book  of  reference. 

“ We  strongly  recommend  this  able  treatise  to  our  readers  as  the  first 
work  ever  published  on  the  subject  free  from  perplexing  technicalities.  In 
style  it  is  pure,  in  description  graphic,  and  its  typographical  appearance  is 
artistic.  It  is  altogether  a most  excellent  work.” — Eclectic  Medical  Journal. 

“ It  treats  fully  of  Photography,  Telegraphy,  Steam  Engines,  and  the 
various  applications  of  Electricity.  In  short,  it  is  a carefully  prepared 
volume,  abreast  with  the  latest,  scientific  discoveries  and  inventions.  ’ — Hart- 
ford Courant. 


Plympton’s  Blow-Pipe  Analysis. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

THE  BLOW-PIPE  : A System  of  Instruction  in  its  practical  use 

being  a graduated  course  of  Analysis  for  the  use  of  students, 
and  all  those  engaged  in  the  Examination  of  Metallic  Combina- 
tions. Second  edition,  with  an  appendix  and  a copious  index. 
By  Geouge  W-  Plymptox,  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  Brooklyn. 

“ This  manual  probably  has  no  superior  in  the  English  language  as  a text- 
book for  beginners,  or  as  a guide  to  the  student  working  without  a teacher. 
To  the  latter  many  illustrations  of  the  utensils  and  apparatus  required  in 
using  the  blow-pipe,  as  well  as  the  fully  illustrated  description  of  the  blow- 
pipe flame,  will  be  especially  serviceable.’’ — New  York  Teacher. 


D.  VAN~  J^OSTMAJSTJ).  17 


lire’s  Dictionary. 

Siooth  Edition, 

London,  1872. 

3 vols.  8vo.  Clotli,  $25.00.  Half  Ilussia,  $32.50. 

DICTIONARY  OF  ARTS,  MANUFACTURES,  AND  MINES. 
By  Andeew  Uee,  M.D.  Sixth  edition.  Edited  by  Robeet  Hunt, 
F.R.S.,  greatly  enlarged  and  rewritten. 


Brande  and  Cox’s  Dictionary, 

New  Edition, 

London,  1872. 

3 Tols.  8vo.  Cloth,  $20.00.  Half  Morocco,  $27.50. 

A Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art.  Edited  by  W.  T. 
Beande  and  Rev.  Geo.  W.  Cox.  New  and  enlarged  edition. 

Watt’s  Dictionary  of  Chemistry. 

Supplementary  Volume, 

8vo.  Cloth.  $9.00. 

This  volume  brings  the  Record  of  Chemical  Discovery  down  to  the  end  of 
the  year  1869,  including  also  several  additions  to,  and  corrections  of,  former 
results  which  have  appeared  in  1870  and  1871. 

***  Cornplete  Sets  of  the  Work,  New  and  Revised  edition,  including*  above 
supplement.  6 vols.  8vo.  Cloth.  $62.00. 


Rammelsberg’s  Chemical  Analysis. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $2.25. 

GUIDE  TO  A COURSE  OF  QUANTITATIVE  CHEMICAL 
ANALYSIS,  ESPECIALLY  OF  MINERALS  AND  FUR- 
NACE PRODUCTS.  Illustrated  by  Examples.  By  C.  F. 
Rammelsbeeg.  Translated  by  J.  Towlee,  M.D. 

Thi.s  work  has  been  translated,  and  is  now  published  expressly  for  those 
students  in  chemistry  whose  time  and  other  studies  in  colleges  do  not  permit 
them  to  enter  upon  the  more  elaborate  and  exi)cnsive  treatises  of  Freseuius 
and  otliers.  It  is  the  condensed  labor  of  a master  in  chemistry  and  of  a prac- 
tical analyst. 


18  SCIENTIFIC  HOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Eliot  and  Storer’s  Qualitative 
Cliemical  Analysis. 

Netv  Edition,  Revised. 

12mo.  Illustrated.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

A COMPENDIOUS  MANUAL  OF  QUALITATIVE  CHEMI-  I 
CAL  ANALYSIS.  By  Chahles  W.  Eliot  and  Frank  H.  Stoker. 
Pevised  with  the  Cooperation  of  the  Authors,  by  William  Pip- 
ley  Nichols,  Professor  of  Chemistiy  in  the  Massachusetts  Insti- 
tute of  Technology. 

“ This  Manual  has  great  merits  as  a practical  introduction  to  the  science 
and  the  art  of  which  it  treats.  It  contains  enoug’h  of  the  theory  and  practice 
of  qualitative  analysis,  “ in  the  wet  way,”  to  bring  out  all  the  reasoning  in- 
volved in  the  science,  and  to  present  clearly  to  the  student  the  most  approved 
methods  of  the  art.  It  is  specially  adapted  for  exercises  and  expeiiments  in 
the  laboratory;  and  yet  its  classifications  and  manner  of  treatment  are  so 
systematic  and  logical  throirghout,  as  to  adapt  it  in  a high  degree  to  that 
higher  class  of  students  generally  who  desire  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the 
practical  methods  of  arriving  at  scientific  facts.” — Lutheran  Observer. 

“ We  wish  every  academical  class  in  the  land  could  have  the  benefit  of  the 
fifty  exercises  of  two  hours  each  necessary  to  master  this  book.  Chemistry 
would  cease  to  be  a mere  matter  of  memory,  and  become  a pleasant  experi- 
mental and  intellectual  recreation.  We  heartily  commend  this  little  volume 
to  the  notice  of  those  teachers  who  believe  in  using  the  sciences  as  means  of 
menial  discipline.” — College  Courant. 


Craig’s  Decimal  System. 

Square  32mo.  Limp,  50c. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASUPES.  An  Account  of  the  Decimal 
Sy&tem,  with  Tables  of  Conversion  for  Commercial  and  Scientific 
Uses.  By  B.  F.  Craig,  M.  D. 

“ The  most  lucid,  accurate,  and  useful  of  all  the  hand-books  on  this  subject 
tthat  we  have  yet  seen.  It  gives  forty -seven  tables  of  comparison  between  the 
English  and  French  denominations  of  length,  area,  capacity,  weight,  and  the 
Centigrade  and  Fahrenheit  thermometers,  with  clear  instructions  how  to  use 
them ; and  to  this  practical  portion,  which  helps  to  make  the  transition  as 
;easy  as  possible,  is  prefixed  a scientific  explanation  of  the  errors  in  the  metric 
flystem,  and  how  they  may  be  corrected  in  the  laboratory.” — Nation. 


Z>.  VAJSr  N'OSTRAN'J).  19 


Nugent  on  Optics. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00 

TREATISE  ON  OPTICS  ; or,  Light  and  Sight,  theoretically  and 
practically  treated  ; with  the  application  to  Pine  Art  and  Indus- 
trial Pursuits.  By  E.  Nugent.  With  one  hundred  and  three 
illustrations. 

This  book  is  of  a practical  rather  than  a theoretical  kind,  and  is  de- 
signed to  afford  accurate  and  complete  information  to  all  interested  in  appli- 
cations of  the  science.” — Round  Table. 


Barnard’s  Metric  System. 

8vo.  Brovm  cloth.  $3.00. 

THE  METRIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 
An  Address  delivered  before  the  Convocation  of  the  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  at  Albany,  August,  1871.  By  Frebeiuck 
A.  P.  Barnard,  President  of  Columbia  College,  New  York  City. 
Second  edition  from  the  Revised  edition  printed  for  the  Trustees 
of  Columbia  College.  Tinted  paper. 

“It  is  the  best  summary  of  the  arguments  in  favor  of  the  metric  weights 
and  measures  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  not  only  because  it  contains  in 
small  space  the  leading  facts  of  the  case,  but  because  it  puts  the  advocacy  of 
that  system  on  the  only  tenable  grounds,  namely,  the  great  convenience  of  a 
decimal  notation  of  weight  and  measure  as  well  as  money,  the  value  of  inter- 
national uniformity  in  the  matter,  and  the  fact  that  this  metric  system  is 
adopted  and  in  general  use  by  the  majority  of  civilized  nations.” — 'TJie  Nation. 


The  Young  Mechanic. 

Illustrated.  12mo.  Cloth.  $1.75. 

THE  YOUNG  MECHANIC.  Containing  directions  for  the  use 
of  all  kinds  of  tools,  and  for  the  construction  of  steam  engines 
and  mechanical  models,  including  the  Art  of  Turning  in  Wood 
and  Metal.  By  the  author  of  “Tho  Lathe  and  its  Uses,”  etc 
From  the  English  edition,  with  corrections. 


20  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Harrison’s  Mechanic’s  Tool-Book. 

ISfmo.  Cloth.  . $1,50. 

MECHANIC’S  TOOL  BOOK,  with  practical  rules  and  suggestions, 
for  the  Use  of  Machinists,  Iron  Workers,  and  others.  By  W.  B. 
Harrison,  Associate  Editor  of  the  “American  Artisan.”  Illustra- 
ted with  44  engravings. 

“ This  work  is  specially  adapted  to  meet  the  Wants  of  Machinists  and  work- 
ers in  iron  g-enerally . It  is  made  up  of  the  work-day  experience  of  an  intelli- 
gent and  ingenious  mechanic,  who  had  the  faculty  of  adapting  tools  to  various 
purposes.  The  practicability  of  his  plans  and  suggestions  are  made  apparent 
even  to  the  unpractised  eye  by  a series  of  well-executed  wood  engravings.” — 
Philadd'phia  Inquirer, 

Pope’s  Modern  Practice  of  the  Elec- 
tric Telegraph. 

Eighth  Edition.  8vo.  Cloth  $2.00. 

A Hand-hook  for  Electricians  and  Operators.  By  Fr.^nk  L.  Pope. 
Seventh  edition.  Bevised  and  enlarged,  and  fully  illustrated. 

Extract  from  Letter  of  Prof  Morse. 

“ I have  had  time  only  cursorily  to  examine  its  contents,  but  this  examina- 
tion has  resulted  in  great  gratification,  especially  at  the  fairness  and  unpre- 
judiced tone  of  your  whole  work, 

“ Your  illustrated  diagi’ams  are  admirable  and  beautifully  executed. 

“ I think  all  your  instructions  in  the  use  of  the  telegraph  apparatus  judi- 
cious and  correct,  and  I most  cordially  wish  you  success.” 

Extract  from  Letter  af  Prof.  G,  W,  Hough,  of  the  Thxdley  Observatory. 

“ There  is  no  other  work  of  this  kind  in  the  English  language  that  con- 
tains in  so  small  a compass  so  much  practical  information  in  the  application 
of  galvanic  electricity  to  telegraphy.  It  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  one 
! interested  in  telegraphy,  or  the  use  of  Batteries  for  other  purposes,” 


Morse’s  Telegraphic  Apparatus. 

Illustrated.  8vo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

EXAMINATION  OF  THE  TELEGPvAPHIO  APPAEATUS 
AND  THE  PEOCESSES  IN  TELEOAPHY.  By  Samuel  F. 
B.  Morse,  LL.D.,  United  States  Commissioner  Paris  Universal 
Exposition,  1867. 


D.  VAN  NOSTMAND.  21 


Sabine’s  History  of  the  Telegraph. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $1.25. 

HISTOEY  AND  PEOGRESS  OF  THE  ELECTRIC  TELE- 
GRAPH, with  Descriptions  of  some  of  the  Apparatus.  By 
Robeet  Sa.bine,  C,  E.  Second  edition,  with  additions. 

Contents. — I.  Early  Observations  of  Electrical  Phenomena.  II.  Tele- 
graphs by  Frictional  Electricity.  III.  Telegraphs  by  Voltaic  Electricity. 
IV.  Telegraphs  by  Electro-Magnetism  and  Magneto-Electricity,  V.  Tele- 
graphs now  in  use.  VI.  Overhead  Lines.  VII.  Submarine  Telegraph  Lines. 
VIIL  Underground  Telegraphs.  IX.  Atmospheric  Electricity. 


Haskins’  Galvanometer. 

Pocket  form.  Illustrated.  Morocco  tucks.  $2.00, 

THE  GALVANOMETER,  AND  ITS  USES;  a Manual  for 
Electricians  and  Students.  By  0.  H.  Haskins. 

"We  hope  this  excellent  little  work  will  meet  with  the  sale  its  merits 
entitle  it  to.  To  every  telegrapher  who  owns,  or  uses  a Galvanometer,  or 
ever  expects  to,  it  will  be  quite  indispensable.” — The  Telegrapher, 


Gulley’s  Hand-Book  of  Telegraphy. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $6.00. 

A HAND-BOOK  OF  PRACTICAL  TELEGRAPHY.  By 
R.  S.  CuLLEY,  Engineer  to  the  Electric  and  International 
Telegraph  Company.  Fifth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 


Foster’s  Submarine  Blasting. 

4to.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

SUBMARINE  BLASTING  in  Boston  Harbor,  Massachusetts — 
Removal  of  Tower  and  Corwin  Rocks.  By  John  G.  Fosteb, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  of  Engineers,  and  Brevet  Major-General,  U. 
S-  Army.  Illustrated  with  seven  plates. 

List  of  Plates. — 1,  Sketch  of  the  Narrows,  Boston  Harbor.  2. 
Townsend's  Submarine  Drilling  Machine,  and  Working  Vessel  attending. 
3.  Submarine  Drilling  3Iachino  employed.  4.  Details  of  Drilling  Macliine 
employed.  5.  Cartridges  and  Tamping  used.  0.  Fuses  ajid  Insulated  Wires 
used-  7.  Portable  Friction  Battery  used. 


22  HGIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Barnes’  Subm^ine  Warfare. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $5.00. 

SUBMARINE  WARFARE,  DEB'ENSIVE  AND  OFFENSIVE. 
Comprising  a full  and  completo  History  of  th©  Invention  of  the 
Torpedo,  its  employment  in  War  and  results  of  its  use.  De- 
scriptions of  the  various  forms  of  Torpedoes,  Submarine  Batteries 
and  Torpedo  Boats  actually  used  in  War.  Methods  of  Ignition 
by  Machinery,  Contact  Fuzes,  and  Electricity,  and  a full  account 
of  experiments  made  to  determine  the  Explosive  Force  of  Gun- 
powder under  W ater.  Also  a discussion  of  the  Offensive  Torpedo 
system,  its  effect  upon  Iron-Clad  Ship  systems,  and  influence  upon 
Future  Naval  Wars.  By  Lieut. -Commander  !^^ohn  S.  Barxes, 
U.  S.  N.  With  twenty  lithographic  plates  and  many  wood-cuts. 

“ A book  important  to  military  men,  and  especially  so  to  engineers  and  ar- 
tillerists. It  consists  of  an  examination  of  the  various  offensive  and  defensive 
engines  that  have  been  contrived  for  submarine  hostilities,  including  a discus- 
sion of  the  torpedo  system,  its  effects  upon  imn-clad  ship-systems,  and  its 
probable  influence  upon  future  naval  wars.  Plates  of  a valuable  character 
accompany  the  treatise,  which  affords  a useful  history  of  the  momentous  sub- 
ject  it  discusses.  A great  deal  of  useful  information  is  collected  in  its  pages, 
especially  concerning  the  inventions  of  Scholl  and  VEiiDU,  and  of  Jones’ 
and  Hunt’s  batteries,  as  well  as  of  other  similar  machines,  and  the  use  in 
submarine  operations  of  gun-cotton  and  nitro-glycerine.” — A.  T.  Times, 


Randall’s  Quartz  Operator’s  Hand- 

Book. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

QUARTZ  OPERATOR’S  HAND-BOOK.  By  P.  M.  Randall. 
New  edition,  revised  and  enlarged.  Fully  illustrated. 

The  object  of  this  work  has  been  to  present  a clear  and  comprehensive  ex- 
position of  mineral  veins,  and  the  means  and  modes  chiefly  employed  for  the 
mining  and  working  of  their  ores — more  especially  those  containing  gold  and 
silver. 


D.  l^AN'  NOHTRAND.  28 


Mitchell’s  Manual  of  Assaying. 

8 VO.  Cloth.  $10,00. 

A MANUAL  OF  PRACTICAL  ASSAYING.  By  Johjj  Mitchell. 
Third  edition.  Edited  by  William  Chookes,  F.R.S. 

In  this  edition  are  incorporated  all  the  late  important  discoveries  in  Assay- 
ing made  in  this  country  and  abroad,  and  special  care  is  devoted  to  the  very 
important  Volumetric  and  Colorimetric  Assays,  as  well  as  to  the  Blow-Pipe 
Assays. 


Benet’s  Ohronoscope. 

Second  Edition, 

Illustrated.  4to,  Cloth.  $3.00. 

ELECTRO-BALLISTIC  MACHINES,  and  the  Schultz  Chrono- 
scope.  By  Lieutenant-Colonel  S.  Y.  Bei^et,  Captain  of  Ordnance, 
U.  S.  Army. 

Contents. — 1.  Ballistic  Pendulum.  2.  Gun  Pendulum.  3.  Use  of  Elec- 
tricity. 4.  Navez’  Machine.  5.  Vignotti’s Machine,  with  Plates.  6.  Benton’s 
Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum,  with  Plates.  7.  Leur’s  Tro-Pendulum  Machine 
8.  Schultz’s  Chronoscope,  with  two  Plates. 


Michaelis’  Chronograph. 

4to,  Illustrated.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

THE  LE  BOULENGE  CHRONOGRAPH.  With  three  litho- 
graphed folding  plates  of  illustrations.  By  Brevet  Captain  O E. 
Michaelis,  First  Lieutenant  Ordnance  Corps,  U.  S.  Army. 

The  excellent  monograpli  of  Captain  Michaelis  enters  minutely  into  tho 
details  of  construction  and  management,  and  gives  table.s  of  tho  times  of  llight 
calculated  upon  a given  fall  of  the  chronometer  for  all  distances.  Captain 
Michaelis  has  done  good  service  in  presenting  this  work  to  his  brother  officers, 
describing,  as  it  does,  an  instniment  which  bids  fair  to  be  in  constant  nso  in 
our  future  ballistic  experiments.’  — Army  ami  Navy  Jourmd. 


24  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Silversmitli’s  Hand-Book. 

Fourth  Edition. 

Illustrated.  12mo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

A PEACTICAL  HAND-BOOK  FOE  MINEES,  Metallurgists, 
and  Assayers,  comprising  the  most  recent  improvements  in  the 
disintegration,  amalgamation,  smelting,  and  parting  of  the 
Precious  Ores,  with  a Comprehensive  Digest  of  the  Mining 
Laws.  Greatly  augmented,  revised,  and  corrected.  ^ By  Julius 
Silvehsmith.  Fourth  edition.  Profusely  illustrated.  !•  vol. 
12mo.  Cloth.  $3.00. 

One  of  the  most  important  features  of  this  work  is  that  in  which  the 
metallurgy  of  the  precious  metals  is  treated  of.  In  it  the  author  has  endeav- 
ored to  embody  all  the  processes  for  the  reduction  and  manipulation  of  the 
precious  ores  heretofore  successfully  employed  in  G-ermany,  England,  Mexico, 
and  the  United  States,  together  with  such  as  have  been  more  recently  invented, 
and  not  yet  fully  tested — all  of  which  are  profusely  illustrated  and  easy  of 
comprehension. 


Simms’  Levelling. 

8 VO.  Cloth.  $2.50. 

A TEEATISE  ON  THE  PEINCIPLES  AND  PEACTICE  OF 
LEVELLING,  showing  its  application  to  purposes  of  Eailway 
Engineering  and  the  Construction  of  Eoads,  &c.  By  Frederick 
W.  Simms,  C.  E.  From  the  fifth  London  edition,  revised  and 
corrected,  with  the  addition  of  Mr.  Law’s  Practical  Examples  for 
Setting  Out  Eailway  Curves.  Illustrated  with  three  lithographic 
plates  and  numerous  wood-cuts. 

“ One  of  the  most  important  text-books  for  the  general  surveyor,  and  there 
is  scarcely  a question  connected  with  levelling  for  which  a solution  would  be 
sought,  but  that  would  be  satisfactorily  answered  by  consulting  this  volume.” 
— Mining  Journal. 

“ The  text-book  on  levelling  in  most  of  our  engineering  schools  and  col- 
leges.”— Engineers. 

“ The  publishers  have  rendered  a substantial  service  to  the  profession, 
especially  to  the  younger  members,  by  bringing  out  the  present  edition  of 
Mr.  Simms  useful  work.” — Engineering. 


D.  VAN  N08TRAND. 


25 


Stuart’s  Successful  Engineer. 

18mo.  Boards.  60  cents. 

HOW  TO  BECOME  A SUCCESSFUL  ENGINEER:  Being 
Hints  to  Youths  intending  to  adopt  the  Profession.  By 
Been^ard  Stuart,  Engineer.  Sixth  Edition. 

**  A valuable  little  book  of  sound,  sensible  advice  to  young  men  wlio 
wish  to  rise  in  the  most  important  of  the  professions.” — ScienUfic  American. 


Stuart’s  Naval  Dry  Docks. 

• Twenty-four  engravings  on  steel. 

Fourth  Edition, 

4to.  Cloth.  $6.00. 

TBV  NAVAL  DRY  DOCKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

By  Chaeles  B.  Stuast.  Engineer  in  Chief  of  the  United  States 

Navy. 

Fist  of  Illustrations. 

Pumping  Engine  and  Pumps — Plan  of  Dry  Dock  and  Pump-Well  - Sec- 
tions of  Dry  Dock — Engine  HouSe — Iron  Floating  Gate — Details  of  Floating 
Gate — Iron  Turning  Gate — Plan  of  Turning  Gate — Culvert  Gate — Filling 
Culvert  Gates — Engine  Bed — Plate,  Pumps,  and  Culvert — Engine  House 
Roof — Floating  Sectional  Dock — Details  of  Section,  and  Plan  of  Turn-Tables 
— Plan  of  Basin  and  Marine  Railways — Plan  of  Sliding  Frame,  and  Elevation 
of  Pumps — Elydraulic  Cylinder — Plan  of  Gearing  for  Pumps  and  End  Floats 
— Perspective  View  of  Dock,  Basin,  and  Railway — Plan  of  Basin  of  Ports- 
mouth Dry  Dock — Floating  Balance  Dock — Elevation  of  Trusses  and  the  Ma- 
chinery— Perspective  View  of  Balance  Dry  Dock 


Free  Hand  Drawing. 

Profusely  Illustrated.  18mo.,  Boards.  50  cents. 

A GUIDE  TO  ORNAMENTAL,  Figure,  and  Landscape  Draw- 
ing. By  an  Art  Student. 

Contents. — Materials  employed  in  Drawing,  and  how  to  use  them — On 
Lines  and  how  to  Draw  them — On  Shading — Concerning  lines  and  shading, 
with  applications  of  them  to  simi)le  elementary  subjects — Sketches  from  Na- 
ture. 


26  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Minifies  Mechanical  Drawing. 

Eighth  Edition. 

Royal  8vo.  Cloth.  $4.00. 

A TEXT-BOOK  OF  GEOMETRICAL  DRAWING  for  the  use 
of  Mechanics  and  Schools,  in  which  the  Definitions  and  Rules  of 
Geuinetry  are  familiarly  explained ; the  Practical  Problems  are 
arranged,  from  tlie  most  simple  to  the  more  complex,  and  in  their 
description  technicalities  are  avoided  as  much  as  possible.  With 
illustrations  for  Drawing  Plans,  Sections,  and  Elevations  of 
Buildings  and  Machinery ; an  Introduction  to  Isometrical  Draw- 
ing, and  an  Essay  on  Linear  Perspective  and  Shadows.  Illus- 
trated with  over  200  diagrams  engraved  on  steel.  By  Wm. 
Mixifie,  Architect.  Eighth  Edition.  With  an  Appendix  on  the 
Theory  and  Application  of  Colors. 

“ It  is  the  best  work  on  Drawing  that  we  have  ever  seen,  and  is  especially  a 
text-book  of  Geometrical  Drawing  for  the  use  of  Mechanics  and  Schools.  No 
young  Mechanic,  such  as  a Machinist,  Engineer,  Cabinet-Maker,  Millwright, 
or  Carpenter,  should  be  without  it.” — Scientific  American. 

“ One  of  the  most  comprehensive  works  of  the  kind  ever  published,  and  can- 
not but  possess  great  value  to  builders.  The  style  is  at  once  elegant  and  sub- 
stantial. ’ — Pennsyloania  Inquirer. 

“ Whatever  is  said  is  rendered  perfectly  intelligible  by  remarkably  well- 
executed  diagrams  on  steel,  leaving  nothing  for  mere  vague  supposition ; and 
the  addition  of  an  introduction  to  isometrical  drawing,  linear  perspective,  and 
the  projection  of  shadows,  winding  up  with  a useful  index  to  technical  terms.” 
— Glasgow  Mechanics  Journal. 

The  British  Government  has  authorized  the  use  of  this  book  in  their 
schools  of  art  at  Somerset  House,  London,  and  throughout  the  kingdom. 


Minifie’s  Geometrical  Drawing. 

Mew  Edition.  Enlarged, 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

GEOMETRICAL  DRAWING.  Abridged  from  the  octavo  edition, 
for  the  use  of  Schools.  Illustrated  with  48  steel  plates.  New 
edition,  enlarged. 

It  i well  adapted  as  a text-book  of  drawing  to  be  used  in  our  High  Schools 
and  Academies  where  this  useful  branch  of  the  fine  arts  has  been  hitherto  too 
much  neglected.” — Boston  Journal. 


D.  VAJV  jyOS2’JiAJV^D.  27 


Bell  on  Iron  Smelting. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $6.03. 

CHEMICAL  PHENOMENA  OF  IKON  SMELTING.  An  ex- 
perimentai  and  practical  examination  of  the  circumstances  which 
determine  the  capacity  of  the  Blast  Furnace,  the  Temperature 
.of  the  Air,  and  the  Proper  Condition  of  the  Materials  to  be 
operated  upon.  By  I.  Lowthian  Bell. 

“ The  reactions  which  take  place  in  every  foot  of  the  hlast-fumace  have 
been  investigated,  and  the  nature  of  every  step  in  the  process,  from  the  intro- 
duction of  the  raw  material  into  the  furnace  to  the  production  of  the  pig  iron, 
has  been  carefully  ascertained,  and  recorded  so  fully  that  any  one  in  the  trade 
can  readily  avail  themselves  of  the  knowledge  acquired ; and  we  have  no  hes- 
itation in  saying  that  the  judicious  application  of  such  knowledge  will  do 
much  to  facilitate  the  introduction  of  arrangements  which  will  still  farther 
economize  fuel,  and  at  the  same  time  permit  of  the  quality  of  the  resulting 
metal  being  maintained,  if  not  improved.  The  volume  is  one  which  no  prac- 
tical pig  iron  manufacturer  can  afford  to  be  without  if  he  be  desirous  of  en- 
tering upon  that  competition  which  nowadays  is  essential  to  progress,  and 
in  issuing  such  a work  Mr.  Bell  has  entitled  himself  to  the  best  thanks  of 
every  member  of  the  trade.” — London  Mining  Journal. 


King’s  Notes  on  Steam. 

Thirteenth  Edition. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

LESSONS  AND  PEACTICAL  NOTES  ON  STEAM,  the  Steam- 
Engine,  Propellers,  &c.,  &c.,  for  Young  Engineers,  Students,  and 
others.  By  the  late  W.  E.  King,  U.  S.  N.  Ee vised  by  Chief- 
Engineer  J.  W.  King,  U.  S.  Navy. 

“ This  is  one  of  the  best,  because  eminently  plain  and  practical  treatises  on 
the  Steam  Engine  ever  published.  ’ — Philadelphia  PresH. 

This  is  the  thirteenth  edition  of  a valuable  work  of  the  late  W.  H.  King, 
U.  S.  N.  It  contains  lessons  and  practical  notes  on  Steam  and  the  Steam  En- 
gine, Propellers,  etc.  It  is  calculated  to  bo  of  groat  use  to  young  marine  en- 
gineers, students,  and  others.  The  text  is  illustrated  and  explained  by  nu- 
merous diagrams  and  representations  of  machinery. —ijWa/i  Pailg  Adver- 
tiser. 

Text-book  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  Annaixilis. 


28 


SCIEJ^^TIFIG  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Burgh’s  Modern  Marine  Engineering. 

One  thick  4to  vol.  Cloth.  $25.00.  Half  morocco.  $00.00. 

MODERN  MARINE  ENGINEERING,  applied  to  Paddle  and 
Screw  Propulsion.  Consisting  of  oG  Colored  Plates,  259  Practical 
Wood-cut  Illu^atrations,  and  403  pages  of  Descriptive  Matter,  the 
whole  being  an  exposition  of  the  present  practice  of  the  follow- 
ing firms  : Messrs.  J.  Penn  & Sons ; Messrs.  Mandslay,  Sons  & 
Field;  Messrs.  James  Watt  & Co.;  Messrs.  J.  & G.  Rennie; 
Messrs.  R.  Napier  & Sons  ; Messrs.  J.  & W.  Dudgeon  ; Messrs. 
Ravenliill  & Hodgson ; Messrs.  Humphreys  & Tenant ; Mr. 
J.  T.  Spencer,  and  Messrs.  Forrester  & Co.  By  N.  P.  Buegh, 
Engineer-  ' 

Principal  Contents. — General  Arrangements  of  Engines,  11  examples 
— General  Arrangement  of  Boilers,  1 4 examples  — General  Arrangement  of 
Superheaters,  11  examples — Details  of  'Oscillating  Paddle  Engines,  34  ex- 
amples— Condensers  for  Screw  Engines,  both  Injection  and  Surface,  20  ex- 
amples— Details  of  Screw  Engines,  20  examples — Cylinders  and  Details  of 
Screw  Engines,  21  examples — Slide  Valves  and  Details,  7 examples — Slide 
Valve,  Link  Motion,  7 examples — Expansion  Valves  and  Gear,  10  exam- 
ples— Details  in  General,  30  examples  — Screw  Propeller  and  Fittings,  13  ex- 
amples Engine  and  Boiler  Fittings,  28  examples  In  relation  to  the  Princi- 
ples of  the  Marine  Engine  and  Boiler,  33  examples. 

Notices  of  the  Press. 

“ Every  conceivable  detail  of  the  Marine  Engine,  under  all  its  various 
forms,  is  profusely,  and  we  itiust  add,  admirably  illustrated  by  a multitude 
of  engravings,  selected  from  the  best  and  most  modern  practice  of  tlie  first 
Marine  Engineers  of  the  day.  The  chapter  on  Condensers  is  peculiarly  valu- 
able. In  one  word,  there  is  no  other  work  in  existi  nee  which  will  bear  a 
moment’s  comparison  with  it  as  an  exponent  of  the  skill,  talent  and  practical 
experience  to  which  is  due  the  splendid  reputation  enjoyed  by  many  British 
Marine  Engineers.”  - Engineer. 

“ This  very  comprehensive  work,  which  was  issued  in  Monthly  parts,  has 
just  been  completed.  It  contains  large  and  full  drawings  and  copious  de- 
scriptions of  most  of  the  best  examples  of  Modern  Marine  Engines,  and  it  is 
a complete  theoretical  and  practical  treatise  on  the  subject  of  Marine  Engi- 
neering.” American  Artisan. 

This  is  the  only  edition  of  tlv'  above  work  with  the  beautifully  colored 
plates,  and  it  is  out  of  print  in  England- 


J^OSTHAJVD. 


29 


Bourne’s  Treatise  on  the  Steam  En- 
gine. 

Ninth  Edition* 

Illustrated.  * 4to.  Cloth.  $15.00. 

TREATISE  ON  THE  STEAM  ENGINE  in  its  various  applica- 
tions to  Mines,  Mills,  Steam  Navigation,  Railways,  and  Agricul- 
ture, with  the  theoretical  investigations  respecting  the  Motive 
Power  of  Heat  and  the  proper  Proportions  of  Steam  Engines. 
Elaborate  Tables  of  the  right  dimensions  of  every  part,  and 
Practical  Instructions  for  the  Manufacture  and  Management  of 
every  species  of  Engine  in  actual  use.  By  John  Bouene,  being 
the  ninth  edition  of  “ A Treatise  on  the  Steam  Engine,”  by 
the  “ Artisan  Club.”  Illustrated  by  thirty-eight  plates  and  five 
hundred  and  forty-six  wood-cuts. 

As  Mr.  Bourne’s  work  has  the  great  merit  of  avoiding  unsound  and  imma- 
ture views,  it  may  safely  be  consulted  by  all  who  are  really  desirous  of  ac- 
quiring trustworthy  information  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  During 
the  twenty-two  years  which  have  elapsed  from  the  issue  of  the  first  edition, 
the  improvements  introduced  in  the  construction  of  the  steam  engine  have 
been  both  numerous  and  important,  and  of  these  Mr.  Bourne  has  taken  care 
to  point  ovit  the  more  prominent,  and  to  furnish  the  reader  with  such  infor- 
mation as  shall  enable  him  readily  to  judge  of  their  relative  value.  This  edi- 
tion liL-is  been  thoroughly  modernized,  and  made  to  accord  with  the  opinions 
and  practice  of  the  more  successful  engineers  of  the  present  day.  All  that 
the  book  professes  to  give  is  given  with  ability  and  evident  care.  The  scien- 
tific principles  which  are  permanent  are  admirably  explained,  and  reference 
is  made  to  many  of  the  more  valuable  of  the  recently  introduced  engines.  To 
express  an  opinion  of  the  value  and  utility  of  such  a work  as  The  Artisan 
Club's  Treatise  on  the  Steam  En^jine,  which  has  passed  through  eight  editions 
already,  would  be  superfluous  ; but  it  may  be  safely  stated  that  the  work  is 
worthy  the  attentive  study  of  all  either  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  steam 
engines  or  interested  in  economizing  the  use  of  steam. — iSlininq  Journal. 

Isherwood’s  Engineering  Precedents. 

Two  Vols.  in  One.  8vo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

ENGINEERING  PRECEDENTS  FOR  STEAM  MACHINERY. 
Arranged  in  the  most  practical  and  useful  manner  for  Engineers. 
By  B.  F.  IsiiEEWoou,  Civil  Engineer,  U.  S.  Navy.  With  illus- 
trations. 


32  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


\ The  Usefal  Metals  and  their  Alloys ; 
Scoffren,  Tmran,  and  others. 

Fifth  Edition. 

8vo.  Half  calf.  $3.75. 

THE  USEFUL  METALS  AND  THEIE  ALLOYS,  incliding 
MINING-  VENTILATION,  MINING  JUEISPEUDENGE 
AND  METALLUEGIG  GHEMISTEY  employed  in  the  conver- 
sion of  lEON,  GOPPEE,  TIN,  ZING,  ANTIMONY,  AND 
LEAD  OEES,  with  their  applications  to  THE  INDUSTEIAL 
AETS.  By  John  Scoffren,  William  True  an,  William  Glay, 
Eoeert  Oxland,  William  Faiebaien,  W.  G.  Aitkin,  and  Wil- 
liam Yose  Pickett. 


Collins’  Useful  Alloys. 

18mo.  Flexible.  75  eents. 

THE  PEIVATE  BOOK  OF  USEFUL  ALLOYS  and  Memo- 
randa for  Goldsmiths,  Jewellers,  etc.  By  James  E.  Gollins 

This  little  book  is  compiled  from  notes  made  by  the  Author  from  the 
papers  of  one  of  the  larg-est  and  most  eminent  Manufacturing  G-oldsmiths  and 
Je-wellers  in  this  country,  and  as  the  firm  is  no-w  no  longer  in  existence,  and  the 
Author  is  at  present  engaged  in  some  other  undertaking,  he  now  offers  to  the 
public  the  benefit  of  his  experience,  and  in  so  doing  he  begs  to  state  that  all 
the  alloys,  etc.,  given  in  these  pages  may  be  confidently  relied  on  as  being 
thoroughly  practicable. 

The  Memoranda  and  Receipts  throughout  this  book  are  also  compiled 
from  practice,  and  \Jill  no  doubt  be  found  useful  to  the  practical  jeweller. 
— Shirley,  July,  1871. 

Joynson's  Metals  Used  in  Construction. 

12mo.  Cloth.  75  cents. 

THE  METALS  USED  IN  GONSTEUGTION : Iron,  Steel, 
Bessemer  Metal,  etc.,  etc.  By  Francis  Herbert  Joynson.  Il- 
lustrated. 

“ In  the  interests  of  practical  science,  -we  are  bound  to  notice  this  -work ; 
and  to  those  who  wish  further  information,  we  should  say,  buy  it ; and  the 
outlay,  we  honestly  believe,  will  be  considered  well  spent.”  — Scientific 
Beview. 


D.  VAN  NOSTMAND.  33 


Holley’s  Ordnance  and  Armor. 

493  Engrayings.  Half  Roan,  $10.00.  Half  Russia,  $12.00. 

A TEEATISE  ON  ORDNANCE  AND  ARMOR— Embracing 
Descriptions,  Discussions,  and  Professional  Opinions  concerning 
the  Material,  Eabrication’,  Requirements,  Capabilities,  and  En- 
durance of  European  and  American  Guns,  for  Naval,  Sea  Coast, 
and  Iron-clad  Warfare,  and  their  Rifling,  Projectiles,  and 
Breech-Loading;  also,  Results  of  Experiments  against  Armor, 
from  Official  Records,  with  an  Appendix  referring  to  Gun-Cotton, 
Hooped  Guns,  etc.,  etc.  By  Alexander  L.  Holley,  B.  P.  948 
pages,  493  Engravings,  and  147  Tables  of  Results,  etc. 

Contents. 

Chapter  I. — Standard  Guns  and  their  Fabrication  Described : Section  1. 
Hooped  Guns;  Section  2.  Solid  Wrought  Iron  Guns;  Section  8.  Solid  Steel 
Guns ; Section  4.  Cast-Iron  Guns.  Chapter  II. — The  Requirements  of  Guns, 
Armor:  Section  1.  The  Work  to  be  done;  Section  2.  Heavy  Shot  at  Low  Ve- 
locities; Sections.  Small  Shot  at  High  Velocities;  Section  4.  The  two  Sys- 
tems Combined;  Section  5.  Breaching  Masonry.  Chapter  III. — The  Strains 
and  Structure  of  Guns:  Section  1.  Resistance  to  Elastic  Pressure ; Section  2. 
The  Effects  of  Vibration;  Section  3.  The  Effects  of  Heat.  Chapter  IV. — 
Cannon  Metals  and  Processes  of  Fabrication:  Section  1.  Elasticity  and  Ductil- 
ity; Section  2. ■ Cast-Iron ; Section  3.  Wrought  Iron;  Section  4.  Steel;  Sec- 
tion 5.  Bronze ; Section  6.  Other  Alloys.  Chapter  V. — Rifling  and  Projec- 
tiles; Standard  Forms  and  Practice  Described;  Early  Experiments;  The 
Centring  System  ; The  Compressing  System ; The  Expansion  System  ; Armor 
Punching  Projectiles;  Shells  for  Molten  Metal;  Competitive  Trial  of  Rifled 
Guns,  1802;  Duty  of  Rifled  Guns:  General  Uses,  Accuracy,  Range, Velocity, 
Strain,  Liability  of  Projectile  to  Injury ; Firing  Spherical  Shot  from  Rifled 
Guns;  Material  for  Armor-Punching  Projectiles ; Shape  of  Armor-Punching 
Projectiles;  Capacity  and  Destructiveness  of  Shells;  Elongated  Shot  from 
Smooth  Bores;  Conclusions;  Velocity  of  Projectiles  ( Table'.  Chapter  VI. — 
Breech-Loading  Advantages  and  Defects  of  the  System;  Ra])id  Firing  and 
Cooling  Guns  by  Machinery ; Standard  Breech-Loaders  Described.  Part  Sec- 
ond : Experiments  against  Armor ; Account  of  Experiments  from  Official 
Records  in  Chronological  Order.  Appendix.— Report  on  the  Applic:ition  of 
Gun-Cotton  to  Warlike  Purposes— British  Association,  18(>3;  Manufacture  and 
Experiments  in  England;  Guns  Hooped  with  Initial  Tension — History;  How 
Guns,  Burst,  by  Wiard,  Lyman’s  Accelerating  Gun;  Endurance  of  Parrott 
and  Whitworth  Guns  at  Charleston  ; Hooping  old  United  States  Cast-Iron 
Guns  ; Endurance  and  Accuracy  of  the  Armstrong  600-pouuuor ; Competitive 
Trials  with  7-inch  Guns. 


32  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


\j  The  Useful  Metals  and  their  Alloys ; 
Scoifren,  Truran,  and  others. 

Fifth  Edition. 

8vo.  Half  calf.  $3.75. 

THE  USEFUL  METALS  AND  THEIE  ALLOYS,  incliding 
MINING  YENTILATION,  MINING  JUEISPEUDENCE 
AND  METALLUEGIC  CHEMISTEY  employed  in  the  conver- 
sion of  lEON,  COPPEE,  TIN,  ZINC,  ANTIMON  Y,  AND 
LEAD  OEES,  with  their  applications  to  THE  INDUSTEIAL 
AETS.  By  John  ScoFFitEN,  William  True  an,  William  Clay, 
Eoeert  Oxland,  AVilliam  Eairbairn,  W.  C.  Aitkin,  and  Wil- 
liam Yose  Pickett. 


Collins’  Useful  Alloys. 

18mo.  Flexible.  75  cents. 

THE  PEIYATE  book  OF  USEFUL  ALLOYS  and  Memo- 
randa for  Goldsmiths,  Jewellers,  etc.  By  James  E.  Collins 

This  little  book  is  compiled  from  notes  made  by  the  Author  froin  the 
papers  of  one  of  the  largest  and  most  eminent  Manufacturing  G-oldsmiths  and 
Jewellers  in  this  country,  and  as  the  firm  is  now  no  longer  in  existence,  and  the 
Author  is  at  present  engaged  in  some  other  undertaking,  he  now  offers  to  the 
public  the  benefit  of  his  experience,  and  in  so  doing  he  begs  to  state  that  all 
the  alloys,  etc.,  given  in  these  pages  may  be  confidently  relied  on  as  being 
thoroughly  practicable. 

The  Memoranda  and  Receipts  throughout  this  book  are  also  compiled 
from  practice,  and  \Jill  no  doubt  be  found  useful  to  the  practical  jeweller. 
— Shirley,  July,  1871. 

Joynson's  Metals  Used  in  Construction. 

12mo.  Cloth.  75  cents. 

THE  METALS  USED  IN  CONSTEUCTION : Iron,  Steel, 
Bessemer  Metal,  etc.,  etc.  By  Francis  Herbert  Joynson.  Il- 
lustrated. 

“ In  the  interests  of  practical  science,  we  are  bound  to  notice  this  work ; 
and  to  those  who  wish  further  information,  we  should  say,  buy  it ; and  the 
outlay,  we  honestly  believe,  will  be  considered  well  spent.”  — ScientijiG 
Review. 


D.  VAN  NOSTEAND.  33 


Holley’s  Ordnance  and  Armor. 

493  Engravings.  Half  Roan,  $10.00.  Half  Russia,  $12.00. 

A TREATISE  ON  ORDNANCE  AND  ARMOR— Embracing 
Descriptions,  Discussions,  and  Professional  Opinions  concerning  ' 
the  Material,  Fabrication,  Requirements,  Capabilities,  and  En- 
durance of  European  and  American  Guns,  for  Naval,  Sea  Coast, 
and  Iron-clad  Warfare,  and  their  Rifling,  Projectiles,  and 
Breech-Loading;  also.  Results  of  Experiments  against  Armor, 
from  Official  Records,  with  an  Appendix  referring  to  Gun-Cotton, 
Hooped  Guns,  etc.,  etc.  By  Alexander  L.  Holley,  B.  P.  948 
pages,  493  Engravings,  and  147  Tables  of  Results,  etc. 

Contents. 

Chapter  I. — Standard  Guns  and  their  Fabrication  Described : Section  1. 
Hooped  Guns;  Section  2.  Solid  Wrought  Iron  Guns;  Section  8.  Solid  Steel 
Guns ; Section  4.  Cast-Iron  Guns.  Chapter  II. — The  Requirements  of  Guns, 
Armor:  Section  1.  The  Work  to  be  done;  Section  2.  Heavy  Shot  at  Low  Ve- 
locities; Sections.  Small  Shot  at  High  Velocities;  Section  4.  The  two  Sys- 
tems Combined;  Section  5.  Breaching  Masonry.  Chapter  III. — The  Strains 
and  Structure  of  Guns:  Section  1.  Resistance  to  Elastic  Pressure;  Section  2. 
The  Effects  of  Vibration;  Section  3.  The  Effects  of  Heat.  Chapter  IV.— 
Cannon  Metals  and  Processes  of  Fabrication:  Section  1.  Elasticity  and  Ductil- 
ity; Section  2.  Cast-Iron;  Section  3.  Wrought  Iron;  Section  4.  Steel;  Sec- 
tion 5.  Bronze ; Section  6.  Other  Alloys.  Chapter  V. — Rifling  and  Projec- 
tiles; Standard  Forms  and  Practice  Described;  Early  Experiments;  The 
Centring  System  ; The  Compressing  System ; The  Expansion  System  ; Armor 
Punching  Projectiles ; Shells  for  Molten  Metal ; Competitive  Trial  of  Rifled 
Guns,  18G2 ; Duty  of  Rifled  Guns:  General  Uses,  Accuracy,  Range,  Velocity, 
Strain,  Liability  of  Projectile  to  Injury ; Firing  Spherical  Shot  from  Rifled 
Guns ; Material  for  Armor-Punching  Projectiles ; Shape  of  Armor-Punching 
Projectiles;  Capacity  and  Destructiveness  of  Shells;  Elongated  Shot  from 
Smooth  Bores;  Conclusions;  Velocity  of  Projectiles  (Table'.  Chapter  VI. — 
Breech-Loading  Advantages  and  Defects  of  the  System;  Rapi<l  Firing  and 
Cooling  Guns  by  Machinery ; Standard  Breech-Loaders  Described.  Part  Sec- 
ond : Experiments  against  Armor ; Account  of  Experiments  from  Official 
Records  in  Chronological  Order.  Appendix. — Report  on  the  A}>plication  of 
Gun-Cotton  to  Warlike  Purposes — British  Association,  18(i3;  Manufacture  and 
Experiments  in  England ; Guns  Hooped  with  Initial  Tension — History;  How 
Guns  Burst,  by  Wiard,  Lyman’s  Accelerating  Gun;  Endurance  of  Parrott 
and  Whitworth  Guns  at  Ch .tries ton  ; Hooping  old  United  States  Cast-Iron 
Guns;  Endtirance  and  Accuracy  of  the  Armstrong  GOO-pouiulor;  Competitive 
Trials  with  7-inch  Guns. 


34  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Peirce’s  Analytic  Mechanics. 

4to.  Cloth.  $10.00. 

SYSTEM  OF  ANALYTIC  MECHANICS.  Physical  and  Celestial 
Mechanics.  By  Benjamin  Peirce,  Perkins  Professor  of  Astronomy 
and  Mathematics  in  Harvard  University,  and  Consulting  As- 
tronomer of  the  American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac. 
Developed  in  four  systems  of  Analytic  Mechanics,  Celestial 
Mechanics,  Potential  Physics,  and  Analytic  Morphology. 

“ I have  re-examined  the  memoirs  of  the  great  geometers,  and  have  striven 
to  consolidate  their  latest  researches  and  their  most  exalted  forms  of  thought 
into  a consistent  and  unifonn  treatise.  If  I have  hereby  succeeded  in  open- 
ing to  the  students  of  my  country  a readier  access  to  these  choice  jewels  of 
intellect ; if  their  brilliancy  is  not  impaired  in  this  attempt  to  reset  them  ; if, 
in  their  own  constellation,  they  illustrate  each  other,  and  concentrate 
a stronger  light  upon  the  names  of  their  discoverers , and,  still  more,  if  any 
gem  which  I may  have  presumed  to  add  is  not  wholly  lustreless  in  the  collec- 
tion, I shall  feel  that  my  work  has  not  been  in  —Extract  frmn  the  Pre- 

face. 

Burt’s  Key  to  Solar  Compass. 

Second  Edition. 

Pocket  Book  Form.  Tuck.  $2,50. 

KEY  TO  THE  SOLAE  COMPASS,  and  Surveyor’s  Companion ; 
comprising  all  the  Eules  necessary  for  use  in  the  field;  also. 
Description  of  the  Linear  Surveys  and  Public  Land  System  of 
the  United  States,  Notes  on  the  Barometer,  Suggestions  for  an 
outfit  for  a Survey  of  four  months,  etc.,  etc.,  etc.  By  W.  A. 
Burt,  U.  S.  Deputy  Surveyor.  Second  edition. 


Ohauvenet’s  Lunar  Distances. 

8to.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

NEW  METHOD  OF  COEEECTING  LUNAE  DISTANCES, 
and  Improved  Method  of  Finding  the  Error  and  Eate  of  a Chro- 
nometer, by  equal  altitudes.  By  Wm.  Chauvenet,  LL.D.,  Chan- 
cellor of  Washington  Uni  versify  of  St.  Louis. 


D,  VAN  NOSTRAND. 


35 


Jeffers’  Nautical  SurTeying. 

Illustrated  with  9 Copperplates  aud  31  Wood~cut  Illustrations.  8vo, 
Cloth.  $5.00. 

NAUTICAL  SURVEYING,  By  William  N.  Jeffers,  Gaptam 
U.  S,  Navy, 

Many  books  have  been  written  on  each  of  the  subjects  treated  of  in  the 
sixteen  chapters  of  this  work;  and,  to  obtain  a complete  knowledge  of 
g'eodetic  surveying  requires  a profound  study  of  the  whole  rang-e  of  mathc’* 
matical  and  physical  sciences ; but  a year  of  preparation  should  render  any 
intelligent  officer  competent  to  conduct  a nautical  survey. 

Contents. — Chapter  I.  Formulae  and  Constants  Useful  in  Surveying 
II.  Distinctive  Character  of  Surveys.  III.  Hydrographic  Siirveying  under 
Sail;  or,  Running  Survey.  IV.  Hydrographic  Surveying  of  Boats ; or,  Har- 
bor Survey.  V.  Tides — Definition  of  Tidal  Phenomena — Tidal  Observations. 
VI,  Measurement  of  Bases — Appropriate  and  Direct.  VII.  Measurement  of 
the  Angles  of  Triangles — Azimuths — Astronomical  Bearings.  VIII,  Correc- 
tions to  be  Applied  to  the  Observed  Angles.  IX.  Levelling — Difference  of 
Level.  X.  Computation  of  the  Sides  of  the  Triangulation — The  Three-point 
Problem.  XI.  Determination  of  the  Qeodetic  Latitudes,  Longitudes,  and 
Azimuths,  of  Points  of  a Triangulation.  XII.  Summary  of  Subjects  treated 
of  in  preceding  Chapters — Examples  of  Compiitation  by  various  Formuhe. 
XIII.  Projection  of  Charts  and  Plans.  XIV.  Astronomical  Determination  of 
Latitude  and  Longitude.  XV.  Magnetic  Observations.  XVI.  Deep  Sea 
Soundings.  XVII.  Tables  for  Ascertaining  Distances  at  Sea,  and  a full 
Index, 

List  of  Plates. 

Plate  I.  Diagram  Illustrative  of  the  Triangulation.  II.  Specimen  Page 
of  Field  Book.  III.  Running  Survey  of  l Coast.  IV.  Example  of  a Running- 
Survey  from  Belcher.  V.  Flying  Survey  of  an  Island.  VI.  Survey  of  a 
Shoal.  VII.  Boat  Survey  of  a River.  VIII.  Three-Point  Problem.  IX. 
Triangulation. 


Coffin’s  Navigation. 

Fifth  Edition. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

NAVIGATION  AND  NAUTICAL  ASTRONOMY.  Propared 
for  the  use  of  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy.  By  J.  II.  0.  Coffin, 
Prof,  of  Astronomy,  Navigation  and  Surveying,  with  52  wood- 
cut  illustrations. 

I 


36  SCIENTIFIO  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Clark’s  Theoretical  Navigation. 

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! THEOllETICAL  NAVIGATION  AND  NAUTICAL  ASTEON- 
j OMY.  By  Lewis  Claek,  Lieut.-Commander,  XJ.  S.  Navy.  II- 
; lustrated  with  41  Wood-cuts,  including  the  Vernier. 

! Prepared  for  Use  at  the  IT.  S.  Naval  Academy. 


The  Plane  Table. 

Illustrated.  8vo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

ITS  USES  IN  TOPOGEAPHICAL  SUEVEYING.  From  the  ' 
Papers  of  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey. 

This  work  gives  a description  of  the  Plane  Table  employed  at  the  U.  S. 
Coast  Survey  Office,  and  the  manner  of  using  it. 


Pook  on  Shipbuilding. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $5,00. 

METHOD  OF  COMPAEING  THE  LINES  AND  DEAUGHT- 
ING  VESSELS  PEOPELLED  BY  SAIL  OE  STEAM,  in- 
cluding a Chapter  on  Laying  off  on  the  Mould-Loft  Floor.  By 
Samuel  M.  Pooe,  Naval  Constructor.  1 vol.,  8vo.  With  illus- 
trations. Cloth.  $5.00. 


Brunnow’s  Spherical  Astronomy. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $6.50. 

SPHEEICAL  ASTEONOMY.  By  F.  Bkunnow,  Ph.  Dr.  Trans- 
^ lated  by  the  Author  from  the  Second  German  edition. 

I 

I 


D.  VAJsr  jsrosTRAJsrn. 


37 


Van  Buren’s  Formulas. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

INVESTIGATIONS  OF  FORMULAS,  for  the  Strength  of  the 
Iron  Parts  of  Steam  Machinery.  By  J.  D.  Van  Buhen,  Jr.,  C.  E. 
Illustrated. 

This  is  an  analytical  discussion  of  the  formulse  employed  by  mechanical 
engineers  in  determining  the  rupturing  or  crippling  pressure  in  the  different 
parts  of  a machine.  The  formulae  are  founded  upon  the  principle,  that  the 
different  parts  of  a machine  should  be  equally  strong,  and  are  developed  in 
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of  a factor  of  safety  to  the  judgment  of  the  designer. Journal. 


Joynson  on  Machine  G-earing. 

8 VO.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

THE  MECHANIC’S  AND  STUDENT’S  GUIDE  in  the  Design- 
ing and  Construction  of  General  Machine  Gearing,  as  Eccentrics, 
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and  Curved  Surfaces  ; with  Practical  Rules  and  Details.  Edited 
by  Francis  Herbert  Joynson.  Illustrated  with  18  folded 
plates. 

“ The  aim  of  this  work  is  to  be  a guide  to  mechanics  in  the  designing  and 
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Barnard’s  Report,  Paris  Exposition, 

1867. 

Illustrated.  8vo.  Cloth.  $5.00. 

REPORT  ON  MACHINERY  AND  PROCESSES  ON  THE 
INDUSTRIAL  ARTS  AND  APPARATUS  OF  THE  EXACT 
SCIENCES.  By  F.  A.  P.  Barnard,  LL.D. — Paris  Universal 
Exposition,  1867. 

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38  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS  PUBLISHED  BY 


Engineering  Facts  and  Figures. 

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Each  volume  sold  separately. 


Beckwith’s  Pottery. 

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OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  MATERIALS  and  Manufacture  of 
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International  Exhibition,  1871.  By  Arthur  Beckwith,  Civil- 
Engineer. 

“ Everjdhing  is  noticed  in  this  hook  which  comes  under  the  head  of  Pot- 
tery, from  fine  porcelain  to  ordinary  brick,  and  aside  from  the  interest  which 
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Dodd’s  Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  etc. 

12mo.  Cloth.  $2.00. 

DICTIONARY  OF  MANUFACTURES,  MINING,  MACHIN- 
ERY, AND  THE  INDUSTRIAL  ARTS.  By  George  Dodd. 

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branches  of  national  industry  are  conducted,  in  regard  to  values  and  quantities, 
is  indicated  in  various  ways. 


D.  VAJV  JSrOSTEANJ).  39 


Stuart’s  Civil  and  Military  Engineer- 
ing of  America. 

8 VO.  Illustrated.  Cloth.  $5.00. 

THE  CIVIL  AND  MILITARY  ENGINEERS  OF  AMERICA. 
By  General  Charles  B.  Stuart,  Author  of  “ Naval  Dry  Docks 
of  the  United  States,”  etc.,  etc.  Embellished  with  nine  finely 
executed  portraits  on  steel  of  eminent  engineers,  and  illustrated 
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Containing  sketches  of  the  Life  and  Works  of  Major  Andrew  Ellicott, 
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White  (with  Portrait),  David  Stanhope  Bates,  Nathan  S.  Roberts,  Gridley 
Bryant  (with  Portrait),  General  Joseph  G.  Swift,  Jesse  L.  Williams  (with 
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les Ellet,  Jr.  vwith  Portrait),  Samuel  Eorrer,  William  Stuart  Watson,  John 
A.  Roebling. 


Alexander’s  Dictionary  of  Weights 
and  Measures. 

8vo.  Cloth.  $3.50. 

UNIVERSAL  DICTIONARY  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEAS- 
URES, Ancient  and  Modern,  reduced  to  the  standards  of  the 
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1 vol. 

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Gouge  on  Ventilation. 

Third  Edition  Enlarged. 

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NEW  SYSTEM  OF  VENTILATION,  which  has  been  thoroughly 
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Saeltzer’s  Acoustics. 

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D.  VAN  NOSTRAND.  41 


Hunt’s  Designs  for  Central  Park 
G-ateways. 

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DESIGNS  FOE  THE  GATEWAYS  OF  THE  SOUTHEEN 
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Pickert  and  Metcalf’s  Art  of  Graining. 

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to  the  Physical  Affections  or  Modes  of  Energy. 


42  SCIENTIFIC  B 0 OKS  P UBLISHEB  B T 


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gineering. 

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Blake’s  Precious  Metals. 

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Clevenger’s  Surveying. 

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veyor. 

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Surveyors  have  long  needed  a text-hook  of  this  description. — The  Press. 


D.  VAN  NO  STRAND. 


43 


Bow  on  Bracing. 

156  Illustrations  on  Stone.  8vo.  Cloth.  $1.50. 

A TREATISE  ON  BRACING,  witli  its  application  to  Bridges 
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Howard,  Civil  Engineer,  Richmond,  Va. 


McAlpine’s  Modern  Engineering. 

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MODERN  ENGINEERING.  A Lecture  delivered  at  the  Amer- 
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manufacture  of  five  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  this  explo- 
sive, Mica  Blasting  Powder,  Dynamites ; with  an  account  of 


U /S  CIENTIFIG  B 0 OKS  P UB  LI  SHED  B Y 


tlie  various  Systems  of  Blasting  by  Electricity,  Priming  Com- 
pounds, Explosives,  etc.,  etc.  By  George  M.  Mowbray, 
Operative  Chemist,  with  thirteen  illustrations,  tables,  and 
appendix.  Third  Edition.  Re-written. 


Wanklyn’s  Milk  Analysis. 

12mo.  Clotli.  $1.00. 

MILK  ANALYSIS.  A Practical  Treatise  on  the  Examination 
of  Milk,  and  its  Derivatives,  Cream,  Butter  and  Cheese.  By 
J.  Alfred  Wakklyi^,  M.  R.  C.  S. 


Toner’s  Dictionary  of  Elevations. 

8vo.  Paper,  $3.00.  Clotli,  $3.75. 

DICITONARY  OF  ELEVATIONS  AND  CLIMATIC  REG- 
ISTER OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Containing,  in  addi- 
tion to  Elevations,  the  Latitude,  Mean  Annual  Temperature, 
and  the  total  Annual  Rain  Fall  of  many  localities ; with  a 
bnef  Introduction  on  the  Orographic  and  Physical  Peculiari- 
ties of  North  America.  By  J.  M.  Toner,  M.  D. 


Adams.  Sewers  and  Drains. 

(Ja  Press.) 

SEWERS  AND  DRAINS  FOR  POPULOUS  DISTRICTS. 
Embracing  Rules  and  Formulas  for  the  dimensions  of  Sani- 
tary Engineers.  By  Julius  W.  Adams,  Chief  Engineer  of  the 
Board  of  City  Works,  Brooklyn. 


D.  VAN  NOSTBANJ),  45 


SILVER  MINING-  REGIONS  OF  COLORADO,  with  some 
account  of  the  different  Processes  now  being  introduced  for 
working  the  G-old  Ores  of  that  Territory.  By  J.  P.  Whitney. 
12mo.  Paper.  25  cents. 


COLORADO : SCHEDULE  OF  ORES  contributed  by  sundry 

persons  to  the  Paris  Universal  Exposition  of  1867,  with  some 
information  about  the  Region  and  its  Resources.  By  J.  P. 
Whitney,  Commissioner  from  the  Territory.  8vo.  Paper,  with 
Maps.  25  cents. 


THE  SILVER  DISTRICTS  OF  NEVADA.  With  Map.  8vo. 
Paper.  35  cents. 


ARIZONA  : ITS  RESOURCES  AND  PROSPECTS.  By  Hon. 
R.  C.  McCokmick,  Secretary  of  the  Territory.  With  Map.  8vo. 
Paper.  25  cents. 

MONTANA  AS  IT  IS.  Being  a general  description  of  its  Re- 
sources, both  Mineral  and  Agricultural;  including  a complete 
description  of  the  face  of  the  country,  its  climate,  etc.  Illustrated 
with  a Map  of  the  Territory,  showing  the  different  Roads  and 
the  location  of  the  different  Mining  Districts.  To  which  is 
appended  a complete  Dictionary  of  The  Snake  Language,  and 
also  of  the  famous  Chinnook  Jargon,  with  numerous  critical  and 
explanatory  Notes.  By  Ghanville  Stuart.  8vo.  Paper.  $2.00. 


RAILWAY  GAUGES.  A Review  of  the  Theory  of  Narrow 
Gauges  as  applied  to  Main  Trunk  Lines  of  Railway.  By  Silas 
Seymour,  Genl.  Consulting  Engineer.  8vo.  Paper.  50  cents. 


REPORT  made  to  the  President  and  Executive  Board  of  tlie 
Texas  Pacific  Railroad.  By  Gen.  G.  P.  Buell,  Chief  Engineer. 
8vo.  Paper.  75  cents. 


46  SCIENCE  SEBIES  PUBLI8SED  BY 


Van  Nostrand’s  Science  Series. 

It  is  tlie  intention  of  the  Publisher  of  this  Series  to  issue  them  at  inter- 
vals of  about  a month.  They  will  be  put  up  in  a uniform,  neat  and  attrac- 
tive form,  18mo,  fancy  boards.  The  subjects  will  be  of  an  eminently 
scientific  character,  and  embrace  as  wide  a range  of  topics  as  possible,  all 
of  the  highest  character. 

Price,  50  Cents  Each. 

1. 

CHIMNEYS  FOR  FURNACES,  FIRE-PLACES,  AND 
STEAM  BOILERS.  By  R.  Aemstkong,  C.  E. 

S- 

STEAM  BOILER  EXPLOSIONS.  By  Zekah  Colburn. 

3. 

PRACTICAL  DESIGNING  OF  RETAINING  WALLS 
By  Arthur  Jacob,  A.  B.  With  Illustrations. 

4- 

PROPORTIONS  OF  PINS  USED  IN  BRIDGES.  By 
Charles  E.  Bender,  C.  E.  With  Illustrations. 

5- 

VENTILATION  OF  BUILDINGS.  By  W.  F.  Butler.  With 
Illustrations. 

0. 

ON  THE  DESIGNING  AND  CONSTRUCTION  OF  STOR- 
AGE RESERVOIRS.  By  Arthur  Jacob.  With  Illustra- 
tions. 

• 7. 

SURCHARGED  AND  DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  RETAIN- 
ING WALLS.  By  James  S.  Tate,  C.  E. 

a. 

A TREATISE  ON  THE  COMPOUND  ENGINE.  By  John 
Turnbull.  With  Illustrations. 

9- 

FUEL.  By  C.  William  Siemens,  to  which  is  appended  the  value 
of  ARTIFICIAL  FUELS  AS  COMPARED  WITH  COAL. 
By  John  Wormald,  C.  E. 

10._COMPOUND  ENGINES.  Translated  from  the  French  of 
A.  Mallet.  With  Illustrations. 

•11.— THEORY  OF  ARCHES.  By  Prof.  W.  Allan.  With  Illus- 
trations. 

Other  Works  in  preparation. 


